An Investigation into the Changes and Developments in Teaching Methods Applied in Ottoman Educational Institutions: Sati Bey’s Suggestions and Practices

Abstract

From the perspective of Turkish education history, it can be said that the teaching methods applied in the educational institutions of the Ottoman Empire had deductive characteristics. The application of the deductive method was carried out in various forms including memorization, repetition, comprehension, discussion and note taking. Since the transfer of lessons in primary schools and madrasahs, which were traditional Ottoman educational institutions, was predominant, memorization as a teaching method was also dominant. Along with the modernization period in the nineteenth century, with innovations in the social, economic and military fields of the Ottoman state, there were also changes and developments in the field of education. After the second Constitutional Monarchy, the Darülmuallimin (the teachers’ school for men), which was established in 1848, started to train more qualified teachers as part of the changes and developments in the historical process. The ideas, suggestions and practices of Sâtı Bey, the principal of the teachers' school in that period, as the key implementer of these changes are still considered important today. In this study, the necessity, importance and characteristics of the methods of takrir (‘explaining’) and tekşif (‘discovering’) in Satı Bey's thinking as opposed to memorization are emphasized. The findings show that the discovering method is more useful than the explaining method in terms of permanent learning as an alternative to memorization. Another finding of the present study is that methods of explaining and discovering cannot be applied in every academic course.

Keywords

• teacher school
• teaching principles and methods
• explaining and discovering methods
• Satı Bey teacher school
• memorization

References

1. Açık, K. (2020). The examination of the course books used in arabic teaching in new schools opened during the tanzimat era in terms of method. Journal of Oriental Studies, 37(19), 1-49. DOI: 10.26650/jos.2020.006.
2. Adıvar, A. (1991). Science Among The Ottoman Turks. Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
3. Akgündüz, H. (1997). Classical Ottoman Madrasahs Education System: Purpose, Structure, Functioning. Istanbul: Ulusal Yayınları.
4. Akgündüz, H.(1992). Ottoman Madrasahs System in terms of Organization and Operation. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 80(1), 84-92.
5. Akgündüz, M. (2002). Ottoman Madrasahs (XIX. Century). Istanbul: Beyan Yayınları.
6. Akyüz, Y. (2020). History of Turkish education BC 1600- AD. 2020. (33 th. ed). Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
7. Anameriç, H. & Rukancı, F. (2008). Türk eğitim tarihi M.Ö.1600- M.S.2020 [Education of the madrasa and university between 1600s BC. and 2020 AD.].Journal of History Reviews, XXIII/2, 35-56.
8. Başar, H. (2003). Sâtı bey and his views on education. Journal of Values Education, 1(2), 47-67.

9. Buyrukçu, R. (2002). Pedagocical approach to Selim Sabit’s work Rehnuma-i Muallimin.. The Journal Of Religious Studies, 4(12), 7-30.
10. Demirtaş, Z. (2007). Sıbyan schools and organization of primary education during the ottoman period. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 17(1), 173-183.
11. Duman, T. (2002). Development of vocational and technical education. Türkler, 15, 61-71.
12. Dündar, M. (2013). Memorization and Repetition Method in Eastern Madrasahs. Islamic Sciences at the Crossroad of Madrasah and Theology (International Symposium).29 June – 1 July 2012. Bingöl Üniversitesi Yayınları.
13. Ergin, O. (1977). History of Turkish Education [Maarif]. İstanbul: Eser Matbaası.
14. Ergün, M. (2015). Syrian, Egyptian and Anatolian Madrasahs (until the mid-15th century). Ankara: Pegem yayınları.
15. Furat, A. Z. (2018). Ottoman Science and Intellectual World from Sahn-ı Semân to Darülfünûn: Scholars, Institutions and Intellectual Works. XVIII. Century. Zeytinburnu Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. 53. 243-256.
16. Gündüz, M. (2010). An Educator Between Tradition and Modernity: A Study in Sati Bey And His Book ‘Fenn-İ Terbiye’ (Science of Education). Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 5(3), 1392-1415.
17. Gündüz, M. (2012). Mustafa Sati Bey and Educational Science (Vol 1-2). İstanbul: Otorite yayınları.
18. Gündüz, M. (2020). Usûl-i talim ve terbiye- Türkiye’de ilk eğitim ve öğretim yöntemi kitabı. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel Yayınları. Hogarth, R. M. (2001). Educating intuition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. İbn Haldun (1991). Muqaddime(Tercüme: Süleyman Uludağ). İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
20. İnal, K. (2019). Durkheim's understanding of education. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 24(2), 511-518. DOI: 10,1501/Egifak_0.000.000.683
21. Kamer, S. T. (2017). Issues in the implementation of coeducation in the Turkish education system: A historical research on 1869 statute on general education. International Education Studies. 10(4),1-7. https://doi.org/ 10.5539/ies.v10 n4p1.
22. Kamer, S. T.(2020). Evaluation of public education and teacher training on the basis of 1869 regulation in the ottoman era. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 9(2),15-24. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.7596/ taksad. v9i2.2221
23. Karagöz, S.(2017). Opinion and suggestions about teacher training and teaching profession before the pre-republic period. International Journal of Social Sciences in Turkish Cultural Geography, 2(2),51-67.
24. Leife, J. & Rustin, G. (1974). Pédagogie générale: Par l'étude des doctrines pédagogiques. (Çev. Necdet, Yüzbaşıoğulları), Ankara: MEB Yayınları.
25. Makdisi, G. (1981). The rise of colleges: ınstitutions of learning in Islam and the west. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
26. Muallim Cevdet (1918). Darü'l-Muallimin yetmişinci sene-i devriyesi münasebetiyle verilen konferans. Tedrisat Mecmuası, 33(1) 176-200.
27. Mustafa Sati (1910a). Usûl-i tedrîsin kavaid-i esasiyesi. Tedrisât-ı İbtidâiye Mecmuası, 6(1), 198-207.
28. Mustafa Sati (1910b). Usul-u takrir ve usul-u tekşif. Tedrisât-ı İbtidaiyye Mecmuası, 8(1), 59-72.
29. Mustafa Sati (1911a). Ezbercilik. Tedrisât-ı İptidaiye Mecmuası, 1(12), 213-217.
30. Mustafa Sati (1911b). Tedrisatta istcvap (sorup cevap alma-sorgulama). Tedrisât-ı İptidaiye Mecmuası, 1(10), 177-180.
31. Mustafa Sati (1914a). Tedrisat-ı taliyede istikra ve tekşif-1, Terbiye Mecmuası, 3(1), 92-93.
32. Mustafa Sati (1914b). Tedrisat-ı taliyede istikra ve tekşif-2. Terbiye Mecmuası, 3(1), 140-144.
33. Noddings, N. & Shore, P. J. (1998). Awakening the ınner eye: ıntuition in education. New York: Teachers College Press.
34. Ocak, A. (2017). Seljuk period universities, nizamiye madrasahs. (2 th ed.). İstanbul: Akademi Yayınları.
35. Pilatin, Ü. & Okcu, D. (2018). Typical teaching and learning methods which used at madrasahs. Batman University Refereed Journal of Islamic Sciences Faculty, 2/2. 1-8.
36. Sarıkaya, Y. (1997). Madrasahs and Modernization.İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
37. Selim Sabit (1883). Rehnuma-i muallimin. İstanbul, Turkey: Matbaa-i Osmani.
38. Şanal, M. (2003). A lesson to the madrasahs in the ottoman state programs, teaching method, measurement and evaluation, specialization in teaching overview in terms of overview. Erciyes University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14(1), 149-168.
39. Şenel, C. & Taibi, A. (2017). Scientific Training. Rewiev Text. Ankara, Turkey: TÜBA Yayınları.
40. Şeşen, R. (1988). Arabic language and literature teaching in the Ottoman period. Studies on Turkish-Arap Relations, İstanbul: Türk Arap İlişkilerini İnceleme Vakfı Yayını.
41. Taşdemirci, E. (1984). A comparative research on the main stages of Turkish national education policy in the Republican era (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Ankara: Ankara University Graduate School of Social Sciences.
42. Taşdemirci, E. (1989). Sources of birth and early times of madrasahs, Erciyes University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 2(1), 269-271.
43. Tezcan, M. (1985). Sociology of Education. (4th ed.). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
44. TÜBA (2017). Science of Education (Fenni terbiye)- Sati Bey. Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları.
45. Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). Scientific Organization Of The Ottoman State. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
46. Zengin, Z. S. (1993). The improvement of madrasahs and religious education in the second constitutional period (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Kayseri: Erciyes University of Social Sciences Institute.
47. Zengin, Z. S. (1997). An evaluation on the causes and consequences of the decline in Ottoman madrasahs. Journal of Foundations, XXVI: 401-407.