Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı

Gizem Karagöz Doğan; İsmet Rezani Toptancı

Review

Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 48 - 58, 29.04.2022

Gizem Karagöz Doğan İsmet Rezani Toptancı

Abstract

Diş Hekimliğinde endodontik enfeksiyonlar oldukça sık karşılaşılan dental durumlardır. Çocuklarda da en sık
görülen dental enfeksiyonlardan biri endodontik enfeksiyonlardır. Endodontik enfeksiyonların tedavisinde doğru
endikasyon durumunda antibiyotik kullanımına karar vermek, doğru dozda ve doğru sıklıkta antibiyotik kullanımı
antibiyotik direnci açısından oldukça önem arz eder. Bu derlemede amacımız çocuklarda endodontik enfeksiyonların
tedavisinde yönergelere uygun olarak nasıl ve ne zaman antibiyotik reçete etmek gerektiği hakkında bilgi vermektir.

Keywords

Çocuk diş hekimliği, endodonti, antibiyotik.

References

1. FC P. Antibiotics in Odontogenic Infections - An Update. J Antimicrob Agents. 2016; 2(2).
2. Inchara, R.; Ganapathy, Dhanraj; Kumar, P. Kiran. Preference of antibiotics in pediatric dentistry. Drug Invent Today, 2019; 11:1495-1498.
3. Aboalsamh, Abdulrahman, et al. Dental students’ knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing guidelines in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy, 2018; 6(2):42.
4. Teoh, L., et al. A survey of prescribing practices by general dentists in Australia. BMC Oral Health, 2019; 19(1):1-8.
5. Palmer Noa. Pharmaceutical prescribing for children. Part 3. Antibiotic prescribing for children with odontogenic infections. Prim Dent Care. 2006; 13(1):31–5.
6. Johnson, Trevor M.; Hawkes, Joanna. Awareness of antibiotic prescribing and resistance in primary dental care. Primary dental journal, 2014; 3(4):44-47.
7. Cherry, William R., et al. Antibiotic use for treating dental infections in children: A survey of dentists′ prescribing practices. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 2012; 143(1):31-38.
8. Gupta, Nakul, et al. A study on the prescription pattern of drugs in Jazan general hospital, KSA. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016;10(1):7-13.
9. Medernach RL, Logan LK. The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Children. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2018; 32(1):1–17.
10. Jayakaran, Trophimus Gnanabagyan, et al. Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry: A review. Int J Appl Dent Sci, 2018; 4:310-4.
11. Alaçam T, Pulpa ve Periapikal Doku Hastalıkları Alaçam T, ed. Endodonti, Cilt I, 2012:87.
12. van der Sluis LW. Endodontic diagnosis. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2005; 112(11):420–6.
13. Dabuleanu, Mary. Pulpitis (reversible/irreversible). Journal (Canadian Dental Association), 2013; 79:d90-d90.
14. Brännström, M. Etiology of dentin hypersensitivity. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society. Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran toimituksia, 1992; 88:7-13.
15. Abbott, Paul V. Classification, diagnosis and clinical manifestations of apical periodontitis. Endodontic topics, 2004; 8(1):36-54.
16. Agnihotry A, Thompson W, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ, Sprakel J. Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;5(5):CD004969.
17. Goldberg, M. The dental pulp: Biology, pathology, and regenerative therapies. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2014:97
18. Kaptan RF, Haznedaroglu F, Basturk FB, Kayahan MB. Treatment approaches and antibiotic use for emergency dental treatment in Turkey. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2013; 9(1):443–9.
19. Piattelli A, Traini T. Diagnosis and managing pulpitis: reversible or irreversible? Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2007; 19(4):254–6.
20. Pişkin, B.; Aktener, B. O.; Karakışı, H. Neural changes in ulcerative and hyperplastic pulpitis: a transmission electron microscopic study. International Endodontic Journal, 1993; 26(4):234-240.
21. Yu, C. Y.; Abbott, Paul V. Responses of the pulp, periradicular and soft tissues following trauma to the permanent teeth. Australian dental journal, 2016 ;61:39-58.
22. Consolaro A, Francischone LA, Consolaro RB, Intra JBG, Roldi A. Calciic metamorphosis and aseptic necrosis of the pulp: Differential diagnosis of tooth discoloration. Dental Press Endod. 2011; 1(2):11-20.
23. Bergenholtz G, Hörsted-Bindslev P Rc. Textbook of Endodontology. Second ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010: 140–152.
24. Ørstavık, Dag. Apical periodontitis: microbial infection and host responses. Essential endodontology: prevention and treatment of apical periodontitis, 2019; 1-10.
25. Lundy, F. T.; Lınden, G. J. Neuropeptides and neurogenic mechanisms in oral and periodontal inflammation. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 2004; 15(2):82-98.
26. Chen E, Abbott P V. Dental Pulp Testing: A Review. Int J Dent. 2009; (iii):1–12.
27. Torabinejad M, Shabahang S. Pulpa ve periapikal patoloji. Erişen R. ed. Endodonti:Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalar. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2011:61-62.
28. Özbek S. Endodontik Enfeksiyonlarda Treponema Denticola’nın “Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu” (Pcr) Yöntemi Kullanılarak Araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü,2009.
29. Sıqueıra Jr, José F.; Rôças, Isabela N. Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2013; 26(2):255-273.
30. Tomer, A. K., et al. Treatment of acute apical abscess by endodontic management–a case report. Asian Pac. J. Health Sci, 2018; 5(3):257-259.
31. Gill, Y.; Scully, C. Orofacial odontogenic infections: review of microbiology and current treatment. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 1990; 70(2):155-158.
32. Sharif, F. Antimicrobial prescribing for general dental practitioners. British Dental Journal, 2012; 213(9):484-484.
33. Fouad, Ashraf F.; Rivera, Eric M.; Walton, Richard E. Penicillin as a supplement in resolving the localized acute apical abscess. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 1996; 81(5):590-595.
34. Kaplan V, Ciğerim L, Orhan ZD, Çınarsoy Ciğerim S. Determination of Preferred Drugs in Management of Dental Pain and Infection. Van Med J. 2018; 25(2):220–7.
35. Kuriyama, T., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 800 anaerobic isolates from patients with dentoalveolar infection to 13 oral antibiotics. Oral microbiology and immunology, 2007; 22(4): 285-288.
36. Segura‐Egea, J. J., et al. European Society of Endodontology position statement: the use of antibiotics in endodontics. International Endodontic Journal, 2018; 51(1):20-25.
37. American Association Of Endodontists. Use and Abuse of Antibiotics. AAE. 2012; 1-8.
38. Johnson MD. Endodontics and Antibiotic Update. AAE. 2019;8.
39. Dar-Odeh, Najla Saeed, et al. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 2010; 6:301.
40. Segura-Egea, Juan José, et al. Worldwide pattern of antibiotic prescription in endodontic infections. International dental journal, 2017; 67(4):197-205.
41. Goel D, Goel G, Chaudhary S, Jain D. Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2020; 9(2):473.
42. Caviglia I, Techera A, García G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res. 2013; 3(1):50–6.
43. Palmer, Nikolaus OA. Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic prescribing in dental practice. Dental update, 2016; 43(10):954-960.
44. Fine DH, Hammond BF, Loesche WJ. Clinical use of antibiotics in dental practice. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1998 ;9(4):235–8.
45. American Association Of Endodontists. AAE Position Statement: AAE Guidance on the Use of Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics. J. Endod., 2017; 43:1409-1413.
46. Neşe, A. Çocuk dişhekimliğinde antibiyotiklerin kullanımı. Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 1998; 15(1-2-3):163-172.
47. Maslamani M, Sedeqi F. Antibiotic and Analgesic Prescription Patterns among Dentists or Management of Dental Pain and Infection during Endodontic Treatment. Med Princ Pract. 2018; 27(1):66-72.
48. Planells-del Pozo P, Barra-Soto MJ, Santa Eulalia-Troisfontaines E. Antibiotic prophylaxis in pediatric odontology. An update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006; 11:E352-7.
49. American Association Of Endodontists. Endodontics:Colleagues for Excellence,Antibiotics and the Treatment of Endodontic Infections. AAE. 2006;1-6.
50. Baumgartner JC, Xia T. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria associated with endodontic abscesses. J Endod. 2003; 29(1):44–7.
51. Salvo F, Polimeni G, Moretti U, Conforti A, Leone R, Leoni O, et al. Adverse drug reactions related to amoxicillin alone and in association with clavulanic acid: Data from spontaneous reporting in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007; 60(1):121–6.
52. Dar-Odeh, Najla, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for oro-facial infections in the paediatric outpatient: a review. Antibiotics, 2018; 7(2):38.
53. Canoğlu DE, Güngör DHC, Bozkurt PA. Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde İlaç Kullanımı Medicine Usage in Pediatric Dentistry. Hacettepe Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2009; 33(2):30–44.
54. Pinkham J, McBrien D. Ana Başlıkları ile Pediatrik Fizyoloji. In: Pinkham J, ed. Çocuk Diş Hekimliği Bebeklikten Ergenliğe. Forth ed. Philedelphia:WB Saunders, 2005:89–95.
55. Newman Ed, Micheal G, Winkelhoff AJ van. Diş Hekimliğinde Antibiyotik ve Antimikrobiyal Kullanımı. Karaca İ , Çankal UD, ed. Quintessence Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. 2006:176-177.
56. Dickson, Scott D.; Salazar, Kimberly C. Diagnosis and management of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2013; 45(1):131-142.
57. Forrester, DJ. Wagner, ML. Fleming J. Pediatric dental medicine. Flemıng, J. (ed.) Philadelphia:Lea & Febiger, 1981:487–508.
58. Rylance G., Woods CG, Cullen RE, Rylance ME. Use of drugs by children. BMJ. 1988; 297(6655):1044.
59. Natarajan S. Antibiotic treatment for odontogenic infections - Procedura and penicillin are first-line therapies. Cpj/Rpc. 2005; 137(10):25–9.
60. Guillemot, Didier, et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of βlactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Jama, 1998; 279(5):365-370.
61. Flynn TR. What are the Antibiotics of Choice for Odontogenic Infections, and How Long Should the Treatment Course Last? Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2011; 23(4):519–36.
62. Lewis MA, McGowan DA, MacFarlane TW. Short-course high-dosage amoxycillin in the treatment of acute dento-alveolar abscess. Br Dent J. 1986; 161(8):299-30
63. Narang, Samisha; Khurana, Manbir Singh. Use of antibiotics in Pediatric Dentistry: Not a child's play. IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology, 2021; 2(4):109-111.
64. Schwartz, Steven. DDS. Commonly Prescribed Medications in Pediatric Dentistry Crest® Oral-B® at dentalcare. com Continuing Education Course, Revised January, 2016;8.
65. Useful medications for oral conditions. Pediatr Dent. 2018; 40(6):506–12.

Antibiotic Use in Children Due to Endodontic Infections

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 48 - 58, 29.04.2022

Gizem Karagöz Doğan İsmet Rezani Toptancı

Abstract

Endodontic infections are very common dental conditions in dentistry. One of the most common dental infections
also in children is endodontic infections. In the treatment of endodontic infections, it is very important to decide on the
use of antibiotics in the right indication, and to use antibiotics at the right dose and at the right frequency in terms of
antibiotic resistance. Our aim in this review is to give information about how and when to prescribe antibiotics in
accordance with the guidelines in the treatment of endodontic infections in children.

Keywords

Pediatric dentistry, endodontics, antibiotic.

References

1. FC P. Antibiotics in Odontogenic Infections - An Update. J Antimicrob Agents. 2016; 2(2).
2. Inchara, R.; Ganapathy, Dhanraj; Kumar, P. Kiran. Preference of antibiotics in pediatric dentistry. Drug Invent Today, 2019; 11:1495-1498.
3. Aboalsamh, Abdulrahman, et al. Dental students’ knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing guidelines in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy, 2018; 6(2):42.
4. Teoh, L., et al. A survey of prescribing practices by general dentists in Australia. BMC Oral Health, 2019; 19(1):1-8.
5. Palmer Noa. Pharmaceutical prescribing for children. Part 3. Antibiotic prescribing for children with odontogenic infections. Prim Dent Care. 2006; 13(1):31–5.
6. Johnson, Trevor M.; Hawkes, Joanna. Awareness of antibiotic prescribing and resistance in primary dental care. Primary dental journal, 2014; 3(4):44-47.
7. Cherry, William R., et al. Antibiotic use for treating dental infections in children: A survey of dentists′ prescribing practices. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 2012; 143(1):31-38.
8. Gupta, Nakul, et al. A study on the prescription pattern of drugs in Jazan general hospital, KSA. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016;10(1):7-13.
9. Medernach RL, Logan LK. The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Children. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2018; 32(1):1–17.
10. Jayakaran, Trophimus Gnanabagyan, et al. Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry: A review. Int J Appl Dent Sci, 2018; 4:310-4.
11. Alaçam T, Pulpa ve Periapikal Doku Hastalıkları Alaçam T, ed. Endodonti, Cilt I, 2012:87.
12. van der Sluis LW. Endodontic diagnosis. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2005; 112(11):420–6.
13. Dabuleanu, Mary. Pulpitis (reversible/irreversible). Journal (Canadian Dental Association), 2013; 79:d90-d90.
14. Brännström, M. Etiology of dentin hypersensitivity. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society. Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran toimituksia, 1992; 88:7-13.
15. Abbott, Paul V. Classification, diagnosis and clinical manifestations of apical periodontitis. Endodontic topics, 2004; 8(1):36-54.
16. Agnihotry A, Thompson W, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ, Sprakel J. Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;5(5):CD004969.
17. Goldberg, M. The dental pulp: Biology, pathology, and regenerative therapies. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2014:97
18. Kaptan RF, Haznedaroglu F, Basturk FB, Kayahan MB. Treatment approaches and antibiotic use for emergency dental treatment in Turkey. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2013; 9(1):443–9.
19. Piattelli A, Traini T. Diagnosis and managing pulpitis: reversible or irreversible? Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2007; 19(4):254–6.
20. Pişkin, B.; Aktener, B. O.; Karakışı, H. Neural changes in ulcerative and hyperplastic pulpitis: a transmission electron microscopic study. International Endodontic Journal, 1993; 26(4):234-240.
21. Yu, C. Y.; Abbott, Paul V. Responses of the pulp, periradicular and soft tissues following trauma to the permanent teeth. Australian dental journal, 2016 ;61:39-58.
22. Consolaro A, Francischone LA, Consolaro RB, Intra JBG, Roldi A. Calciic metamorphosis and aseptic necrosis of the pulp: Differential diagnosis of tooth discoloration. Dental Press Endod. 2011; 1(2):11-20.
23. Bergenholtz G, Hörsted-Bindslev P Rc. Textbook of Endodontology. Second ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010: 140–152.
24. Ørstavık, Dag. Apical periodontitis: microbial infection and host responses. Essential endodontology: prevention and treatment of apical periodontitis, 2019; 1-10.
25. Lundy, F. T.; Lınden, G. J. Neuropeptides and neurogenic mechanisms in oral and periodontal inflammation. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 2004; 15(2):82-98.
26. Chen E, Abbott P V. Dental Pulp Testing: A Review. Int J Dent. 2009; (iii):1–12.
27. Torabinejad M, Shabahang S. Pulpa ve periapikal patoloji. Erişen R. ed. Endodonti:Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalar. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2011:61-62.
28. Özbek S. Endodontik Enfeksiyonlarda Treponema Denticola’nın “Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu” (Pcr) Yöntemi Kullanılarak Araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü,2009.
29. Sıqueıra Jr, José F.; Rôças, Isabela N. Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2013; 26(2):255-273.
30. Tomer, A. K., et al. Treatment of acute apical abscess by endodontic management–a case report. Asian Pac. J. Health Sci, 2018; 5(3):257-259.
31. Gill, Y.; Scully, C. Orofacial odontogenic infections: review of microbiology and current treatment. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 1990; 70(2):155-158.
32. Sharif, F. Antimicrobial prescribing for general dental practitioners. British Dental Journal, 2012; 213(9):484-484.
33. Fouad, Ashraf F.; Rivera, Eric M.; Walton, Richard E. Penicillin as a supplement in resolving the localized acute apical abscess. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 1996; 81(5):590-595.
34. Kaplan V, Ciğerim L, Orhan ZD, Çınarsoy Ciğerim S. Determination of Preferred Drugs in Management of Dental Pain and Infection. Van Med J. 2018; 25(2):220–7.
35. Kuriyama, T., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 800 anaerobic isolates from patients with dentoalveolar infection to 13 oral antibiotics. Oral microbiology and immunology, 2007; 22(4): 285-288.
36. Segura‐Egea, J. J., et al. European Society of Endodontology position statement: the use of antibiotics in endodontics. International Endodontic Journal, 2018; 51(1):20-25.
37. American Association Of Endodontists. Use and Abuse of Antibiotics. AAE. 2012; 1-8.
38. Johnson MD. Endodontics and Antibiotic Update. AAE. 2019;8.
39. Dar-Odeh, Najla Saeed, et al. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 2010; 6:301.
40. Segura-Egea, Juan José, et al. Worldwide pattern of antibiotic prescription in endodontic infections. International dental journal, 2017; 67(4):197-205.
41. Goel D, Goel G, Chaudhary S, Jain D. Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2020; 9(2):473.
42. Caviglia I, Techera A, García G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res. 2013; 3(1):50–6.
43. Palmer, Nikolaus OA. Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic prescribing in dental practice. Dental update, 2016; 43(10):954-960.
44. Fine DH, Hammond BF, Loesche WJ. Clinical use of antibiotics in dental practice. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1998 ;9(4):235–8.
45. American Association Of Endodontists. AAE Position Statement: AAE Guidance on the Use of Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics. J. Endod., 2017; 43:1409-1413.
46. Neşe, A. Çocuk dişhekimliğinde antibiyotiklerin kullanımı. Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 1998; 15(1-2-3):163-172.
47. Maslamani M, Sedeqi F. Antibiotic and Analgesic Prescription Patterns among Dentists or Management of Dental Pain and Infection during Endodontic Treatment. Med Princ Pract. 2018; 27(1):66-72.
48. Planells-del Pozo P, Barra-Soto MJ, Santa Eulalia-Troisfontaines E. Antibiotic prophylaxis in pediatric odontology. An update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006; 11:E352-7.
49. American Association Of Endodontists. Endodontics:Colleagues for Excellence,Antibiotics and the Treatment of Endodontic Infections. AAE. 2006;1-6.
50. Baumgartner JC, Xia T. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria associated with endodontic abscesses. J Endod. 2003; 29(1):44–7.
51. Salvo F, Polimeni G, Moretti U, Conforti A, Leone R, Leoni O, et al. Adverse drug reactions related to amoxicillin alone and in association with clavulanic acid: Data from spontaneous reporting in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007; 60(1):121–6.
52. Dar-Odeh, Najla, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for oro-facial infections in the paediatric outpatient: a review. Antibiotics, 2018; 7(2):38.
53. Canoğlu DE, Güngör DHC, Bozkurt PA. Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde İlaç Kullanımı Medicine Usage in Pediatric Dentistry. Hacettepe Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2009; 33(2):30–44.
54. Pinkham J, McBrien D. Ana Başlıkları ile Pediatrik Fizyoloji. In: Pinkham J, ed. Çocuk Diş Hekimliği Bebeklikten Ergenliğe. Forth ed. Philedelphia:WB Saunders, 2005:89–95.
55. Newman Ed, Micheal G, Winkelhoff AJ van. Diş Hekimliğinde Antibiyotik ve Antimikrobiyal Kullanımı. Karaca İ , Çankal UD, ed. Quintessence Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. 2006:176-177.
56. Dickson, Scott D.; Salazar, Kimberly C. Diagnosis and management of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2013; 45(1):131-142.
57. Forrester, DJ. Wagner, ML. Fleming J. Pediatric dental medicine. Flemıng, J. (ed.) Philadelphia:Lea & Febiger, 1981:487–508.
58. Rylance G., Woods CG, Cullen RE, Rylance ME. Use of drugs by children. BMJ. 1988; 297(6655):1044.
59. Natarajan S. Antibiotic treatment for odontogenic infections - Procedura and penicillin are first-line therapies. Cpj/Rpc. 2005; 137(10):25–9.
60. Guillemot, Didier, et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of βlactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Jama, 1998; 279(5):365-370.
61. Flynn TR. What are the Antibiotics of Choice for Odontogenic Infections, and How Long Should the Treatment Course Last? Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2011; 23(4):519–36.
62. Lewis MA, McGowan DA, MacFarlane TW. Short-course high-dosage amoxycillin in the treatment of acute dento-alveolar abscess. Br Dent J. 1986; 161(8):299-30
63. Narang, Samisha; Khurana, Manbir Singh. Use of antibiotics in Pediatric Dentistry: Not a child's play. IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology, 2021; 2(4):109-111.
64. Schwartz, Steven. DDS. Commonly Prescribed Medications in Pediatric Dentistry Crest® Oral-B® at dentalcare. com Continuing Education Course, Revised January, 2016;8.
65. Useful medications for oral conditions. Pediatr Dent. 2018; 40(6):506–12.

There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Dentistry
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Gizem Karagöz Doğan This is me İsmet Rezani Toptancı This is me
Publication Date	April 29, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Karagöz Doğan, G., & Toptancı, İ. R. (2022). Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research, 2(1), 48-58.
AMA	Karagöz Doğan G, Toptancı İR. Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı. HRU Int J Dent Oral Res. April 2022;2(1):48-58.
Chicago	Karagöz Doğan, Gizem, and İsmet Rezani Toptancı. “Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı”. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research 2, no. 1 (April 2022): 48-58.
EndNote	Karagöz Doğan G, Toptancı İR (April 1, 2022) Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research 2 1 48–58.
IEEE	G. Karagöz Doğan and İ. R. Toptancı, “Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı”, HRU Int J Dent Oral Res, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 48–58, 2022.
ISNAD	Karagöz Doğan, Gizem - Toptancı, İsmet Rezani. “Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı”. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research 2/1 (April 2022), 48-58.
JAMA	Karagöz Doğan G, Toptancı İR. Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı. HRU Int J Dent Oral Res. 2022;2:48–58.
MLA	Karagöz Doğan, Gizem and İsmet Rezani Toptancı. “Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı”. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2022, pp. 48-58.
Vancouver	Karagöz Doğan G, Toptancı İR. Çocuklarda Endodontik Enfeksiyonlara Bağlı Antibiyotik Kullanımı. HRU Int J Dent Oral Res. 2022;2(1):48-5.

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