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The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom

Yıl 2023, , 268 - 278, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1242879

Öz

Individuals with Down syndrome seem to be more likely to have congenital heart disease (CHD). This situation has led to the need to investigate the effects of exercise and physical activity practices for adults with Down syndrome and to present the results by bringing them together. Because people should be aware of what kind of effects on the heart adults with Down syndrome will be exposed to before exercising. In this study, which is a systematic review study, the results of the studies published online were brought together and the problem situation was determined. Data collected from Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were evaluated according to the PRISMA flowchart. As a result, there are studies in which low-intensity and regular exercises have positive reflections on the cardiovascular systems. However, since there are studies showing that adults with Down syndrome have weaker cardiovescular systems, it can be thought that high-intensity exercises may force the cardiovescular systems of adults with Down syndrome and this may have negative consequences. Therefore, these factors should be considered when planning physical activity and exercise for adults with Down syndrome.

Kaynakça

  • AAP, C. on G. (2001). Health Supervision for Children With Down Syndrome. Pediatrics, 107(2), 442–449. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.2.442
  • Baird, P. A., & Sadovnick, A. D. (1987). Life expectancy in Down syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 110(6), 849–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80395-5
  • Balic, M. G., Mateos, E. C., Blasco, C. G., & Fernhall, B. (2000). Physical Fitness Levels of Physically Active and Sedentary Adults with Down Syndrome. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 17(3), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.17.3.310
  • Baynard, T., Pitetti, K. H., Guerra, M., Unnithan, V. B., & Fernhall, B. (2008). Age-Related Changes in Aerobic Capacity in Individuals with Mental Retardation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(11), 1984–1989. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817f19a1
  • Beck, V. D. Y., Baynard, T., Lefferts, E. C., Hibner, B. A., Fernhall, B., & Hilgenkamp, T. I. M. (2021). Anthropometry does not fully explain low fitness among adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12815
  • Beck, V. D. Y., Wee, S. O., Lefferts, E. C., Hibner, B. A., Burton, L. C., Baynard, T., Fernhall, B., & Hilgenkamp, T. I. M. (2022). Comprehensive cardiopulmonary profile of individuals with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 66(12), 978–987. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12954
  • Bittles, A. H., Bower, C., Hussain, R., & Glasson, E. J. (2007). The four ages of Down syndrome. The European Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl103
  • Boer, P. H., & Moss, S. J. (2016). Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(4), 322–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12251
  • Climstein, M., Pitetti, K. H., Barrett, P. J., & Campbell, K. D. (2008). The accuracy of predicting treadmill VO2max for adults with mental retardation, with and without Down’s syndrome, using ACSM gender- and activity-specific regression equations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37(6), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1993.tb00322.x
  • Cowley, P. M., Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., Baynard, T., Heffernan, K., Jae, S. Y., HSU, S., Lee, M., Pitetti, K. H., Reiman, M. P., & Fernhall, B. (2010). Physical Fitness Predicts Functional Tasks in Individuals with Down Syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(2), 388–393. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b07e7a
  • Cowley, P. M., Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., Baynard, T., Heffernan, K. S., Young Jae, S., Hsu, S., Lee, M., Pitetti, K. H., Reiman, M. P., & Fernhall, B. (2011). The effect of progressive resistance training on leg strength, aerobic capacity and functional tasks of daily living in persons with Down syndrome. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(22–23), 2229–2236. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.563820
  • Farías-Valenzuela, C., Cofré-Bolados, C., Ferrari, G., Espoz-Lazo, S., Arenas-Sánchez, G., Álvarez-Arangua, S., Espinoza-Salinas, A., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2021). Effects of Motor-Games-Based Concurrent Training Program on Body Composition Indicators of Chilean Adults with Down Syndrome. Sustainability, 13(10), 5737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105737
  • Fernhall, B., Pietti, K. H., Rimmer, J. H., McCubin, J. A., Rintala, P., Millar, A. L., KITTREDGE, J., & BURKETT, L. N. (1996). Cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(3), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199603000-00012
  • Frid, C., Drott, P., Lundell, B., Rasmussen, F., & Annerén, G. (1999). Mortality in Down’s syndrome in relation to congenital malformations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00198.x
  • Ghandi, Y., Sharifi, M., Habibi, D., Alinejad, S., Arjmand, A., & Nikdel, S. (2018). Atrial and Ventricular Electrocardiographic Dromotropic Disturbances in Down Syndrome Patients with Structurally Normal Heart: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Pediatr, 6(3), 7345–7351.
  • Gorlin, R. J., Cohen, M. M., & Hennekam, R. C. M. (2001). Syndromes of the Head and Neck. Oxford University Press.
  • Graham, A., & Reid, G. (2000). Physical Fitness of Adults with an Intellectual Disability: A 13-Year Follow-up Study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2000.10608893
  • Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
  • Gulpinar, O., & Gucal Guclu, A. (2014). How to write a review article? Türk Üroloji Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Urology, 39(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2013.054
  • Jolliffe, J., Rees, K., Taylor, R. R., Thompson, D. R., Oldridge, N., & Ebrahim, S. (2001). Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. In J. Jolliffe (Ed.), The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001800
  • Marino, B., & De Zorzi, A. (1993). Congenital heart disease in trisomy 21 mosaicism. J Pediatr, 122(3), 500–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83460-2
  • Mendonca, G. V., & Pereira, F. D. (2009). Influence of long-term exercise training on submaximal and peak aerobic capacity and locomotor economy in adult males with Down’s syndrome. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 15(2), CR33-39.
  • Millar, A. L., Fernhall, B. O., & Burkett, L. N. (1993). Effects of aerobic training in adolescents with Down syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(2), 270???274. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199302000-00018
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • O’Brien, K., Nixon, S., Tynan, A.-M., & Glazier, R. (2010). Aerobic exercise interventions for adults living with HIV/AIDS. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001796.pub3
  • Oviedo, G. R., Garcia-Retortillo, S., Carbó-Carreté, M., Guerra-Balic, M., Balagué, N., Javierre, C., & Guàrdia-Olmos, J. (2021). Cardiorespiratory Coordination During Exercise in Adults With Down Syndrome. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.704062
  • Oviedo, G. R., Guerra-Balic, M., Baynard, T., & Javierre, C. (2014). Effects of aerobic, resistance and balance training in adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 2624–2634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.025
  • Pitetti, K., & Boneh, S. (1995). Cardiovascular fitness as related to leg strength in adults with mental retardation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(3), 423–428.
  • Pitetti, K. H., & Boneh, S. (1995). Cardiovascular fitness as related to leg strength in adults with mental retardation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(3), 423–428.
  • Pitetti, K. H., Climstein, M., Campbell, K. D., Barrett, P. J., & Jackson, J. A. (1992). The cardiovascular capacities of adults with Down syndrome: a comparative study. Med Sci Sports Exercise, 24(1), 13–19.
  • Pueschel, S. M. (1990). Clinical aspects of Down syndrome from infancy to adulthood. Am J Med Genet Suppl, 7, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320370708
  • Rees, K., Taylor, R. R., Singh, S., Coats, A. J., & Ebrahim, S. (2004). Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. In K. Rees (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub2
  • Rimmer, J. H., Heller, T., Wang, E., & Valerio, I. (2004). Improvements in Physical Fitness in Adults With Down Syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<165:IIPFIA>2.0.CO;2
  • Ringenbach, S. D. R., Holzapfel, S. D., Mulvey, G. M., Jimenez, A., Benson, A., & Richter, M. (2016). The effects of assisted cycling therapy (ACT) and voluntary cycling on reaction time and measures of executive function in adolescents with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(11), 1073–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12275
  • Seron, B. B., Goessler, K. F., Modesto, E. L., Almeida, E. W., & Greguol, M. (2015). Blood Pressure and Hemodynamic Adaptations after a Training Program in Young Individuals with Down Syndrome. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150033
  • Silva, V., Campos, C., Sá, A., Cavadas, M., Pinto, J., Simões, P., Machado, S., Murillo-Rodríguez, E., & Barbosa-Rocha, N. (2017). Wii-based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(8), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12384
  • Suarez-Villadat, B., Luna-Oliva, L., Acebes, C., & Villagra, A. (2020). The effect of swimming program on body composition levels in adolescents with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 102(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103643
  • Tsimaras, V. (2003). Jog-Walk Traınıng In Cardıoresperatory Fıtness Of Adults Wıth Down Syndrome. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96(3), 1239. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.96.3.1239-1251
  • Van den Ende, C., Vliet Vlieland, T., Munneke, M., & Hazes, J. (1998). Dynamic exercise therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis. In E. Van den Ende (Ed.), The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000322
  • Varela, A. M., Bettencount Sardinha, L., & Pitetti, K. H. (2001). Effects of an Aerobic Rowing Training Regimen in Young Adults With Down Syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0135:EOAART>2.0.CO;2
  • Versacci, P., Di Carlo, D., Digilio, M. C., & Marino, B. (2018). Cardiovascular disease in Down syndrome. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 30(5), 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000661
  • Vis, J. C., Duffels, M. G. J., Winter, M. M., Weijerman, M. E., Cobben, J. M., Huisman, S. A., & Mulder, B. J. M. (2009). Down syndrome: a cardiovascular perspective. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(5), 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01158.x
  • Weijerman, M. E., van Furth, A. M., Vonk Noordegraaf, A., van Wouwe, J. P., Broers, C. J. M., & Gemke, R. J. B. J. (2008). Prevalence, Neonatal Characteristics, and First-Year Mortality of Down Syndrome: A National Study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 152(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.045
  • Youngson, L., Foster, C. and Lambert, J. (2023). The physical and mental health benefits of lifestyle sports for disabled people: a scoping review. Int J Disabil Sports Health Sci; 6(1):60-81.https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.11 97978.
Yıl 2023, , 268 - 278, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1242879

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AAP, C. on G. (2001). Health Supervision for Children With Down Syndrome. Pediatrics, 107(2), 442–449. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.2.442
  • Baird, P. A., & Sadovnick, A. D. (1987). Life expectancy in Down syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 110(6), 849–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80395-5
  • Balic, M. G., Mateos, E. C., Blasco, C. G., & Fernhall, B. (2000). Physical Fitness Levels of Physically Active and Sedentary Adults with Down Syndrome. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 17(3), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.17.3.310
  • Baynard, T., Pitetti, K. H., Guerra, M., Unnithan, V. B., & Fernhall, B. (2008). Age-Related Changes in Aerobic Capacity in Individuals with Mental Retardation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(11), 1984–1989. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817f19a1
  • Beck, V. D. Y., Baynard, T., Lefferts, E. C., Hibner, B. A., Fernhall, B., & Hilgenkamp, T. I. M. (2021). Anthropometry does not fully explain low fitness among adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12815
  • Beck, V. D. Y., Wee, S. O., Lefferts, E. C., Hibner, B. A., Burton, L. C., Baynard, T., Fernhall, B., & Hilgenkamp, T. I. M. (2022). Comprehensive cardiopulmonary profile of individuals with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 66(12), 978–987. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12954
  • Bittles, A. H., Bower, C., Hussain, R., & Glasson, E. J. (2007). The four ages of Down syndrome. The European Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl103
  • Boer, P. H., & Moss, S. J. (2016). Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(4), 322–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12251
  • Climstein, M., Pitetti, K. H., Barrett, P. J., & Campbell, K. D. (2008). The accuracy of predicting treadmill VO2max for adults with mental retardation, with and without Down’s syndrome, using ACSM gender- and activity-specific regression equations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37(6), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1993.tb00322.x
  • Cowley, P. M., Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., Baynard, T., Heffernan, K., Jae, S. Y., HSU, S., Lee, M., Pitetti, K. H., Reiman, M. P., & Fernhall, B. (2010). Physical Fitness Predicts Functional Tasks in Individuals with Down Syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(2), 388–393. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b07e7a
  • Cowley, P. M., Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., Baynard, T., Heffernan, K. S., Young Jae, S., Hsu, S., Lee, M., Pitetti, K. H., Reiman, M. P., & Fernhall, B. (2011). The effect of progressive resistance training on leg strength, aerobic capacity and functional tasks of daily living in persons with Down syndrome. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(22–23), 2229–2236. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.563820
  • Farías-Valenzuela, C., Cofré-Bolados, C., Ferrari, G., Espoz-Lazo, S., Arenas-Sánchez, G., Álvarez-Arangua, S., Espinoza-Salinas, A., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2021). Effects of Motor-Games-Based Concurrent Training Program on Body Composition Indicators of Chilean Adults with Down Syndrome. Sustainability, 13(10), 5737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105737
  • Fernhall, B., Pietti, K. H., Rimmer, J. H., McCubin, J. A., Rintala, P., Millar, A. L., KITTREDGE, J., & BURKETT, L. N. (1996). Cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(3), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199603000-00012
  • Frid, C., Drott, P., Lundell, B., Rasmussen, F., & Annerén, G. (1999). Mortality in Down’s syndrome in relation to congenital malformations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00198.x
  • Ghandi, Y., Sharifi, M., Habibi, D., Alinejad, S., Arjmand, A., & Nikdel, S. (2018). Atrial and Ventricular Electrocardiographic Dromotropic Disturbances in Down Syndrome Patients with Structurally Normal Heart: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Pediatr, 6(3), 7345–7351.
  • Gorlin, R. J., Cohen, M. M., & Hennekam, R. C. M. (2001). Syndromes of the Head and Neck. Oxford University Press.
  • Graham, A., & Reid, G. (2000). Physical Fitness of Adults with an Intellectual Disability: A 13-Year Follow-up Study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2000.10608893
  • Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
  • Gulpinar, O., & Gucal Guclu, A. (2014). How to write a review article? Türk Üroloji Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Urology, 39(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2013.054
  • Jolliffe, J., Rees, K., Taylor, R. R., Thompson, D. R., Oldridge, N., & Ebrahim, S. (2001). Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. In J. Jolliffe (Ed.), The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001800
  • Marino, B., & De Zorzi, A. (1993). Congenital heart disease in trisomy 21 mosaicism. J Pediatr, 122(3), 500–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83460-2
  • Mendonca, G. V., & Pereira, F. D. (2009). Influence of long-term exercise training on submaximal and peak aerobic capacity and locomotor economy in adult males with Down’s syndrome. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 15(2), CR33-39.
  • Millar, A. L., Fernhall, B. O., & Burkett, L. N. (1993). Effects of aerobic training in adolescents with Down syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(2), 270???274. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199302000-00018
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • O’Brien, K., Nixon, S., Tynan, A.-M., & Glazier, R. (2010). Aerobic exercise interventions for adults living with HIV/AIDS. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001796.pub3
  • Oviedo, G. R., Garcia-Retortillo, S., Carbó-Carreté, M., Guerra-Balic, M., Balagué, N., Javierre, C., & Guàrdia-Olmos, J. (2021). Cardiorespiratory Coordination During Exercise in Adults With Down Syndrome. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.704062
  • Oviedo, G. R., Guerra-Balic, M., Baynard, T., & Javierre, C. (2014). Effects of aerobic, resistance and balance training in adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 2624–2634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.025
  • Pitetti, K., & Boneh, S. (1995). Cardiovascular fitness as related to leg strength in adults with mental retardation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(3), 423–428.
  • Pitetti, K. H., & Boneh, S. (1995). Cardiovascular fitness as related to leg strength in adults with mental retardation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(3), 423–428.
  • Pitetti, K. H., Climstein, M., Campbell, K. D., Barrett, P. J., & Jackson, J. A. (1992). The cardiovascular capacities of adults with Down syndrome: a comparative study. Med Sci Sports Exercise, 24(1), 13–19.
  • Pueschel, S. M. (1990). Clinical aspects of Down syndrome from infancy to adulthood. Am J Med Genet Suppl, 7, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320370708
  • Rees, K., Taylor, R. R., Singh, S., Coats, A. J., & Ebrahim, S. (2004). Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. In K. Rees (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub2
  • Rimmer, J. H., Heller, T., Wang, E., & Valerio, I. (2004). Improvements in Physical Fitness in Adults With Down Syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<165:IIPFIA>2.0.CO;2
  • Ringenbach, S. D. R., Holzapfel, S. D., Mulvey, G. M., Jimenez, A., Benson, A., & Richter, M. (2016). The effects of assisted cycling therapy (ACT) and voluntary cycling on reaction time and measures of executive function in adolescents with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(11), 1073–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12275
  • Seron, B. B., Goessler, K. F., Modesto, E. L., Almeida, E. W., & Greguol, M. (2015). Blood Pressure and Hemodynamic Adaptations after a Training Program in Young Individuals with Down Syndrome. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150033
  • Silva, V., Campos, C., Sá, A., Cavadas, M., Pinto, J., Simões, P., Machado, S., Murillo-Rodríguez, E., & Barbosa-Rocha, N. (2017). Wii-based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(8), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12384
  • Suarez-Villadat, B., Luna-Oliva, L., Acebes, C., & Villagra, A. (2020). The effect of swimming program on body composition levels in adolescents with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 102(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103643
  • Tsimaras, V. (2003). Jog-Walk Traınıng In Cardıoresperatory Fıtness Of Adults Wıth Down Syndrome. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96(3), 1239. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.96.3.1239-1251
  • Van den Ende, C., Vliet Vlieland, T., Munneke, M., & Hazes, J. (1998). Dynamic exercise therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis. In E. Van den Ende (Ed.), The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000322
  • Varela, A. M., Bettencount Sardinha, L., & Pitetti, K. H. (2001). Effects of an Aerobic Rowing Training Regimen in Young Adults With Down Syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0135:EOAART>2.0.CO;2
  • Versacci, P., Di Carlo, D., Digilio, M. C., & Marino, B. (2018). Cardiovascular disease in Down syndrome. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 30(5), 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000661
  • Vis, J. C., Duffels, M. G. J., Winter, M. M., Weijerman, M. E., Cobben, J. M., Huisman, S. A., & Mulder, B. J. M. (2009). Down syndrome: a cardiovascular perspective. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(5), 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01158.x
  • Weijerman, M. E., van Furth, A. M., Vonk Noordegraaf, A., van Wouwe, J. P., Broers, C. J. M., & Gemke, R. J. B. J. (2008). Prevalence, Neonatal Characteristics, and First-Year Mortality of Down Syndrome: A National Study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 152(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.045
  • Youngson, L., Foster, C. and Lambert, J. (2023). The physical and mental health benefits of lifestyle sports for disabled people: a scoping review. Int J Disabil Sports Health Sci; 6(1):60-81.https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.11 97978.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Engelliler için Beden Eğitimi, Spor ve Fiziksel Aktivite
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Burak Canpolat 0000-0002-4768-4855

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Canpolat, B. (2023). The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 6(2), 268-278. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1242879
AMA Canpolat B. The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. Haziran 2023;6(2):268-278. doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1242879
Chicago Canpolat, Burak. “The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals With Down Syndrom”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 6, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 268-78. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1242879.
EndNote Canpolat B (01 Haziran 2023) The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 6 2 268–278.
IEEE B. Canpolat, “The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom”, International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 268–278, 2023, doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1242879.
ISNAD Canpolat, Burak. “The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals With Down Syndrom”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 6/2 (Haziran 2023), 268-278. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1242879.
JAMA Canpolat B. The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2023;6:268–278.
MLA Canpolat, Burak. “The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals With Down Syndrom”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, c. 6, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 268-7, doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1242879.
Vancouver Canpolat B. The Effect of the Physical Activity and Exercises on the Cardiovascular System of Individuals with Down Syndrom. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2023;6(2):268-7.

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