Investigation of The Continuity of Training and Mental Health of Athletes During Social Isolation In The Covid-19 Outbreak

Yıl 2020, , 111 - 120, 20.12.2020

Pınar Kaya Ciddi , Elif Aleyna Yazgan

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.785527

Cited By: 6

Öz

Purpose: Social distance and isolation measures have been taken to minimize the spread rate of COVID-19, and within these measures, all sports leagues and tournaments have been suspended or canceled. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the training continuity and mental health of athletes during the COVID-19 isolation process and to determine whether they are physically and mentally ready for the next season competitions. Methods: 89 athletes, 17.7 ± 2.72 years old, belonging to different sports branches were included in the study. The training time and mental health of the athletes before and after isolation were questioned through the online questionnaire platform. Results: It was observed that most of the athletes had a decrease in the training time compared to before isolation. When the CES-D scale scores measuring the depression level were examined, the scores of the athletes who thought that their sports performance decreased during the isolation process and were not ready to return to the matches were higher than the individuals who did not think (p<0.01). When Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale measuring the level of anxiety and CES-D scores were examined, the scores of the individuals who were worried about the decrease in their performance in case of COVID-19 infection and who needed psychological support before returning to the competitions were higher than the other individuals (p<0.01). Conclusions: The results showed that athletes needed physical and psychological support by sports professionals, both during the isolation process and before returning to sports competitions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

athletes, COVID-19, mental health, social isolation, training

Kaynakça

• Aicale, R., Tarantino, D., & Maffulli, N. (2018). Overuse injuries in sport: a comprehensive overview. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 13(1), 309.
• Bogoch, I. I., Watts, A., Thomas-Bachli, A., Huber, C., Kraemer, M. U. G., & Khan, K. (2020). Pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), taaa008.
• Caldwell, B. P., & Peters, D. M. (2009). Seasonal variation in physiological fitness of a semiprofessional soccer team. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(5), 1370–1377.
• Crisafulli, A., & Pagliaro, P. (2020). Physical activity/inactivity and COVID-19. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2047487320927597.
• Escher, A. R. (2020). An Ounce of Prevention: Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Mass Gatherings. Cureus, 12(3), e7345.
• Frank, A., Fatke, B., Frank, W., Förstl, H., & Hölzle, P. (2020). Depression, dependence and prices of the COVID-19-Crisis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 99.
• García-Pallarés, J., Sánchez-Medina, L., Pérez, C. E., Izquierdo-Gabarren, M., & Izquierdo, M. (2010). Physiological effects of tapering and detraining in world-class kayakers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(6), 1209–1214.
• Hawley J., & Burke L. (1998). Peak Performance: Training and Nutritional Strategies for Sport. St Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
• Hughes, D., Saw, R., Perera, N. K. P., Perera, N. K. P., Mooney, M., . . . Broderick, C. (2020). The Australian Institute of Sport framework for rebooting sport in a COVID-19 environment. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(7), 639-663.
• Izquierdo, M., Ibañez, J., González-Badillo, J. J., Ratamess, N. A., Kraemer, W. J., Häkkinen, K., . . . Gorostiaga, E. M. (2007). Detraining and tapering effects on hormonal responses and strength performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 21(3), 768–775.
• Jukic, I., Calleja-González, J., Cos, F., Cuzzolin, F., Olmo, J., Terrados, N., . . . Alcaraz, P. E. (2020). Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19. Sports (Basel), 8(4), 56.
• Konkan, R., Şenormancı, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydın, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Test Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50 (1), 53-59.
• Koundourakis, N. E., Androulakis, N. E., Malliaraki, N., Tsatsanis, C., Venihaki, M., & Margioris, A. N. (2014). Discrepancy between exercise performance, body composition, and sex steroid response after a six-week detraining period in professional soccer players. PloS one, 9(2), e87803.
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of internal medicine, 146(5), 317–325.
• Mallinson, J.E., & Murto A.J. (2013). Mechanisms responsible for disuse muscle atrophy: Potential role of protein provision and exercise as countermeasures. Nutrition, 29:22–28.
• Mehrsafar, A. H., Gazerani, P., Zadeh A. M., Sánchez J. C. J. (2020). Addressing potential impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of elite athletes. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 147–148.
• Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2001). Muscular characteristics of detraining in humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(8), 1297–1303.
• Muñoz-Martínez, F. A., Rubio-Arias, J. Á., Ramos-Campo, D. J., & Alcaraz, P. E. (2017). Effectiveness of Resistance Circuit-Based Training for Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Upper-Body One-Repetition Maximum Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(12), 2553–2568.
• Neufer, P. D., Costill, D. L., Fielding, R. A., Flynn, M. G., & Kirwan, J. P. (1987). Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 19(5), 486–490.
• Peçanha, T., Goessler, K. F., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B. (2020). Social Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic Can Increase Physical Inactivity and the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 318(6), H1441-H1446.
• Pillay, L., Janse van Rensburg, D. C. C., Jansen van Rensburg, A., Ramagole, D. A., Holtzhausen, L., Dijkstra, H. P. & Cronje, T. (2019). Nowhere to hide: The significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(7), 670-679.
• Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., . . . Engebretsen, L. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 667-699.
• Sarto, F., Impellizzeri, F. M., Spörri, J., Porcelli, S., Olmo, J., Requena, B., . . Franchi, M. V. (2020). Impact of Potential Physiological Changes due to COVID-19 Home Confinement on Athlete Health Protection in Elite Sports: a Call for Awareness in Sports Programming. Sports Medicine, 50(8), 1417-1419.
• Tatar, A., & Saltukoglu, G. (2010). The adaptation of the CES-depression scale into Turkish through the use of confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory and the examination of psychometric characteristics. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20:3, 213-227.
• Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Qin, Q. (2020). Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 568-576.