Application of Vagal-Mediated Heart Rate Variability and Subjective Markers to Optimise Training Prescription: An Olympic Athlete Case Report

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 66 - 76, 25.01.2024

François Chiron , Samuek Bennett Claire Thomas Christine Hanon Damien Léger Philippe Lopes

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1342537

Öz

Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this case study was to investigate whether the variation in parasympathetic branch activity, in conjunction with subjective data, could optimize the training prescription for an elite athlete during an Olympic season. Methods: During the preparatory phase for the Tokyo Olympic Games, a world-class female 3000m steeplechase runner (Age: 20 years, Height: 168 cm, Weight: 52 kg, VO2max: 67.1 mL⋅min⋅kg-1) recorded Heart Rate Variability (HRV), conducted orthostatic tests, and completed subjective evaluations four times a week throughout the different training periods that constitute a pre-Olympic season. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the Shapiro-Wilk test, along with paired T-tests, were used to assess correlations and compare mean differences between variables concerning baseline measurements and each of the other training periods. Results: The natural logarithm of the root mean square of the standard deviation during supine measurement (LnRMSSDsu) exhibited a significant negative correlation with the training load based on Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and sleep quality (P < 0.05). Heart rate during supine measurement (HRsu) showed a significant positive correlation with subjective perceived exertion, sleep quality, stress, muscle soreness, and fatigue (P < 0.01). Compared to the baseline (rest), LnRMSSDsu, HRsu, RPE, and sleep quality were significantly different during the training, camp, and altitude training camp periods. Conversely, markers of standing Heart Rate Variability (HRV) did not differ during competition periods. Conclusion: Standing Heart Rate Variability, when combined with subjective markers, serves as a relevant monitoring tool for adapting training periods to regulate psychophysiological effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Training monitoring, psychophysiological stress, Olympic athlete

Kaynakça

• Abaji, J.P., Curnier, D., Moore, R.D., Ellemberg, D. (2016). Persisting Effects of Concussion on Heart Rate Variability during Physical Exertion. Journal of neurotrauma, 33(9), 811–817. [PubMed]
• Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P. B., Chollet, D., Ahmaidi, S., Buchheit, M. (2011). Reliability of resting and postexercise heart rate measures. International journal of sports medicine, 32(8), 598–605. [PubMed]
• Baumann, N., Turpin, J. (2010). Neurochemistry of stress. An overview. Neurochemical research, 35(12), 1875–1879. [CrossRef]
• Baumert, M., Brechtel, L., Lock, J., Voss, A. (2006). Changes in heart rate variability of athletes during a training camp. Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering, 51(4), 201–204. [PubMed]
• Berntson, G., Bigger, J., Jr, Eckberg, L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P., Malik., et al. (1997). Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34(6), 623–648. [PubMed]
• Bloch, K., Buenzli, J., Latshang, T., Ulrich, S. (2015). Sleep at high altitude: guesses and facts. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 119(12), 1466–1480. [PubMed]
• Bompa, T. (1983). Theory And Methodology Of Training. Dubuque. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publising Company.
• Bompa, T. (1987). Periodisation as a key element of planning. Sports Coach, 11(1), 20-23.
• Borg, G., Ljunggren, G., Ceci, R. (1985). The increase of perceived exertion, aches and pain in the legs, heart rate and blood lactate during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 54(4), 343–349. [PubMed]
• Bosquet, L., Montpetit, J., Arvisais, D., Mujika, I. (2007). Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1358–1365. [PubMed]
• Bourdillon, N., Schmitt, L., Yazdani, S., Vesin, J. M., Millet, G. (2017). Minimal Window Duration for Accurate HRV Recording in Athletes. Frontiers in neuroscience, 11, 456. [PubMed]
• Brodal, P. (2004). The central nervous system: structure and function. oxford university Press.
• Buchheit, M., Simon, C., Piquard, F., Ehrhart, J., Brandenberger, G. (2004). Effects of increased training load on vagal-related indexes of heart rate variability: a novel sleep approach. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 287(6), [PubMed]
• Buchheit, M., Chivot, A., Parouty, J., Mercier, D., Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P., et al. (2010). Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function. European journal of applied physiology, 108(6), 1153–1167. [PubMed]
• Carrasco-Poyatos, M., González-Quílez, A., Altini, M., Granero-Gallegos, A. (2022). Heart rate variability-guided training in professional runners: Effects on performance and vagal modulation. Physiology & behavior, 244, 113654. [PubMed]
• Charmandari, E., Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G. (2005). Endocrinology of the stress response. Annual review of physiology, 67, 259–284. [PubMed]
• Dobbs, W., Fedewa, M., MacDonald, H., Holmes, C., Cicone, Z., Plews, D. J., et al. (2019). The Accuracy of Acquiring Heart Rate Variability from Portable Devices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 49(3), 417–435. [PubMed]
• Earnest, C. P., Jurca, R., Church, T. S., Chicharro, J. L., Hoyos, J., Lucia, A. (2004). Relation between physical exertion and heart rate variability characteristics in professional cyclists during the Tour of Spain. British journal of sports medicine, 38(5), 568–575. [PubMed].
• Fatisson, J., Oswald, V., Lalonde, F. (2016). Influence diagram of physiological and environmental factors affecting heart rate variability: an extended literature overview. Heart international, 11(1), e32–e40. [PubMed]
• Faustin, M., Burton, M., Callender, S., Watkins, R., Chang, C. (2022). Effect of media on the mental health of elite athletes. British journal of sports medicine, 56(3), 123–124. [PubMed]
• Flatt, A., Esco, M. (2016). Evaluating Individual Training Adaptation With Smartphone-Derived Heart Rate Variability in a Collegiate Female Soccer Team. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(2), 378–385. [PubMed]
• Gamble, P. (2007). Challenges and game-related solutions to metabolic conditioning for team sports. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 29(4), 60-65. [CrossRef] Gordan, R., Gwathmey, J., Xie, L. (2015). Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function. World journal of cardiology, 7(4), 204–214. [PubMed]
• Hartman, M., Clark, B., Bembens, D., Kilgore, J., Bemben, M. (2007). Comparisons between twice-daily and once-daily training sessions in male weight lifters. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2(2), 159–169. [PubMed]
• Hooper, S., Mackinnon, L., Howard, A., Gordon, R., Bachmann, A. (1995). Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 27(1), 106–112. [PubMed]
• Iellamo, F., Legramante, J., Pigozzi, F., Spataro, A., Norbiato, G., Lucini, D., et al. (2002). Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation, 105(23), 2719–2724. [PubMed]
• Kim, J., Diamond, D. M. (2002). The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 3(6), 453–462. [PubMed]
• Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A. (1988). Overtraining in elite athletes. Review and directions for the future. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 6(2), 79–92. [PubMed]
• Lutfullin, I., Al'metova, R. R. (2014). Fiziologiia cheloveka, 40(2), 105–111.
• Malik, M. (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use: Task force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society for Pacing and Electrophysiology. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 1(2), 151-181. [PubMed]
• Manresa-Rocamora, A., Sarabia, J., Javaloyes, A., Flatt, A., Moya-Ramón, M. (2021). Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(19), 10299. [PubMed]
• Manzi, V., Castagna, C., Padua, E., Lombardo, M., D'Ottavio, S., Massaro, M., et al. (2009). Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 296(6), H1733–H1740. [PubMed]
• Martin, S., Amos, W. (2021). Signatures of Introgression across the Allele Frequency Spectrum. Molecular biology and evolution, 38(2), 716–726. [PubMed]
• Massin, M., Maeyns, K., Withofs, N., Ravet, F., Gérard, P. (2000). Circadian rhythm of heart rate and heart rate variability. Archives of disease in childhood, 83(2), 179–182. [PubMed]
• McKay, A., Stellingwerff, T., Smith, E., Martin, D., Mujika, I., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., et al. (2022). Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 17(2), 317–331. [PubMed]
• Morales, J., Álamo, J., García-Massó, X., López, J. L., Serra-Añó, P., González, L. M. (2014). Use of heart rate variability in monitoring stress and recovery in judo athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(7), 1896-1905. [PubMed]
• Morton, R. (1991). The quantitative periodization of athletic training: a model study. Research in Sports Medicine: An International Journal, 3(1), 19-28. [CrossRef] Mosley, E., Laborde, S. (2022). A scoping review of heart rate variability in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-75. [CrossRef]
• Mujika I. (2014). Olympic preparation of a world-class female triathlete. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 9(4), 727–731. [PubMed]
• Naeije R. (2010). Physiological adaptation of the cardiovascular system to high altitude. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 52(6), 456–466. [PubMed]
• Pichot, V., Roche, F., Gaspoz, J., Enjolras, F., Antoniadis, A., Minini, P., et al. (2000). Relation between heart rate variability and training load in middle-distance runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(10), 1729–1736. [PubMed]
• Plews, D. (2014). The practical application of heart rate variability-monitoring training adaptation in world class athletes(Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology).
• Plews, D., Laursen, P., Le Meur, Y., Hausswirth, C., Kilding, A., Buchheit, M. (2014). Monitoring training with heart rate-variability: how much compliance is needed for valid assessment?. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 9(5), 783–790. [PubMed]
• Plews, D., Laursen, P., Kilding, A., Buchheit, M. (2012). Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. European journal of applied physiology, 112(11), 3729–3741. [PubMed]
• Ren, J., Zhao, M., Liu, B., Wu, Q., Hao, Y., Jiao, M., et al. (2018). Factors Associated With Sleep Quality in HIV. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC, 29(6), 924–931. [PubMed]
• Saboul, D. (2013). Apports de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque dans l'évaluation de la charge d'entraînement et le suivi d'athlètes: aspects méthodologiques et applications pratiques (Doctoral dissertation, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I).
• Saboul, D., Pialoux, V., Hautier, C. (2013). The impact of breathing on HRV measurements: implications for the longitudinal follow-up of athletes. European journal of sport science, 13(5), 534–542. [PubMed]
• Schmitt, L., Regnard, J., Millet, G. (2015). Monitoring Fatigue Status with HRV Measures in Elite Athletes: An Avenue Beyond RMSSD?. Frontiers in physiology, 6, 343. [PubMed]
• Seaward, B. (1999). Managing stress: Principles and strategies for health and wellbeing. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Tarvainen, M., Niskanen, J., Lipponen, J., Ranta-Aho, P., Karjalainen, P. (2014). Kubios HRV--heart rate variability analysis software. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 113(1), 210–220. [PubMed]
• Thayer, J., Ahs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers., J., Wager, T. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 36(2), 747–756. [PubMed]
• Tulppo, M., Hughson, R., Mäkikallio, T., Airaksinen, K., Seppänen, T., Huikuri, H. (2001). Effects of exercise and passive head-up tilt on fractal and complexity properties of heart rate dynamics. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 280(3), H1081–H1087. [PubMed]