Evaluating the Probability of Rainwater Collection as part of Green Infrastructure using GIS and RS Technologies in Industrial Regions, Eskişehir, Türkiye

Abstract

The study aims to identify the possibility of rainwater harvesting in industrial zones (Eskisehir Organized Industrial Zone (EOIZ), Baksan Industrial Site, Matbaacılar Site, ESTIM Wholesalers Site, Auto Gallery, EMKO Furniture and Woodworks, Teksan Industrial Site, Auto Industrialists and Small Industry, Craft Industrial Site, New Organized Industrial Zone Development Area, and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)) with high water use and concentrated impermeable areas. In this case, the amount of rainwater accumulated in impermeable regions was calculated using GIS and RS to reduce the rainwater load that accumulated or reached the wastewater treatment plant. The study will directly contribute to the displaying of the green water footprint resulting from industrial impermeable zones. This work for industrial areas will be pioneering. This study was analyzed using open-source GIS software and Google Earth software, a free application that allows experts in various trade branches of rainwater harvesting in the industrial region, industrialists, and researchers who want to conduct research in this area to do so quickly and easily. When viewed from this perspective, it is clear that the work has original value in the subject and makes significant contributions to the literature. Furthermore, this work directly contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals of "Clean Water and Sanitation" and "Climate Action".

Keywords

• Industrial Water Requirement
• Sustainable Water Management
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Geographic Information System
• Green Infrastructure

References

1. . Karaca, M., Yağmur, N., & Balçık, F. (2022). Determining the temporal change of İstanbul Terkos Lake using Google Earth Engine. Geomatik, 7(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.975714
2. Kaynarca, M., Demi̇r, N., & San, B. T. (2020). An Approach for Modeling of Ground Water Sources Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: Kırkgoz Catchment (Antalya). Geomatik, 5(3), 241-245. https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.649221
3. Kılıç, M., Abuş, M. N. (2018). Rain Water Harvesting in a Garden House Sample. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science (IJAWS), 4(2), 209-215.
4. Norman, M., Shafri, H. Z. M., Mansor, S. B., & Yusuf, B. (2019). Review of remote sensing and geospatial technologies in estimating rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) quality. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(3), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.05.002
5. Jamil, M., Mahmood, S., Hussain, S., & Saad, M. (2024). Assessing the impact of drought on groundwater resources using geospatial techniques in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Advanced Remote Sensing, 4(1), 11-27.
6. Yalılı Kılıç, M., & Adalı, S. (2022). Rainwater Harvesting in a Shopping Mall Example. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1034275
7. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Soil-Water Resources. (2023). https://www.dsi.gov.tr/Sayfa/Detay/754
8. Yiğit, A. Y., Orhan, O., & Ulvi̇, A. (2020). Investigation of The Rainwater Harvesting Potential at the Mersin University, Turkey. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 2(2), 64-75.

9. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2022). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2022. Paris.
10. Siraj, M., Mahmood, S., & Habib, W. (2023). Geo-spatial assessment of land cover change in District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Advanced Remote Sensing, 3(1), 1-9.
11. Bellot, J., Bonet, A., Peña, J., & Sánchez, J. R. (2007). Human Impacts on Land Cover and Water Balances in a Coastal Mediterranean County. Environmental Management, 39(3), 412-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0317-9
12. Göksel, Ç., & Bozkaya Kari̇p, G. (2017). Modeling Of Land Use /Land Cover Change Detection Of Igneada Protecting Zone Using Markov Chain. Geomatik, 2(2), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.303890
13. Arnold, C. L., & Gibbons, C. J. (1996). Impervious Surface Coverage: The Emergence of a Key Environmental Indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(2), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369608975688
14. Yamak, B., Yagci, Z., Bi̇lgi̇li̇oglu, B. B., & Comert, R. (2021). Investigation of the effect of urbanization on land surface temperature example of Bursa. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.658377
15. Müftüoğlu, V., & Perçin, H. (2015). The Rain Garden Within Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management. Inonu University Journal of Art and Design, 5(11), 27-37.
16. Patil, M., Saha, A., Pingale, S. M., Rathore, D. S., & Goyal, V. C. (2023). Identification of potential zones on the estimation of direct runoff and soil erosion for an ungauged watershed based on remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 8(3), 224-238. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1115608
17. Avdan, Z., Yıldız, D., & Çabuk, A. (2015). Yağmur Suyu Yönetimi Açısından Yeşil Altyapı Sistemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. II. International Sustaınable Structure Symposıum, Ankara, 733-740.
18. Bakir, M., & Xingnan, Z. (2008). GIS and Remote Sensing applications for rain water harvesting in the Syrian Desert (Al-Badia). In Proceedings of the 12th International Water Technology Conference (pp. 73-82).
19. Dadhich, G., & Mathur, P. (2016). A GIS based analysis for rooftop rain water harvesting. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. Technol, 7(4), 129-143.
20. Pandya, P. A., Bhanderi, H. M., Chauhan, N. K., & Garala, P. J. (2017). Roof Water Harvesting Quantity Estimation Usıng GIS. AGRES – An International e. Journal, 6(2), 226-230.
21. Yükselir, H., Ağaçsapan, B., & Çabuk, A. (2019). CBS tabanlı çatıların yağmur suyu toplama kapasitesinin hesaplanması. GSI Journals Serie C: Advancements in Information Sciences and Technologies, 1(2), 16-26.
22. Gar Al-Nabi, M. (2020). Remote Sensing Data Based Rainwater Harvesting Approach for Remote Rural Areas - A Case Study, Blue Nile Area, Sudan. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 26(7), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2020/v26i730286
23. Gohel, J., Bhatu, H., Kapupara, P., & Barath, R. (2020). Designing rooftop rainwater harvesting system at RK University. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2S), 351-353.
24. Sayl, K. N., Mohammed, A. S., & Ahmed, A. D. (2020). GIS-based approach for rainwater harvesting site selection. In IOP Conference Series: Materials science and engineering (Vol. 737, No. 1, p. 012246). IOP Publishing.
25. Abd-el-Kader, M., Elfeky, A., Saber, M., & AlHarbi, M. (2021). Designating Appropriate Areas for Determining Potential Rainwater Harvesting in Arid Region Using a GIS-based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis‏.‎
26. Balkhair, K. S., & Ur Rahman, K. (2021). Development and assessment of rainwater harvesting suitability map using analytical hierarchy process, GIS and RS techniques. Geocarto International, 36(4), 421-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2019.1608591
27. Kalıpcı, E., Başer, V., & Nihal, G. E. N. Ç. (2021). Evaluation of Rainwater Harvest Using Geographic Information System: Giresun University Campus Example. Gaziosmanpasa Journal of Scientific Research, 10(1), 49-58.
28. Nickel, D., Schoenfelder, W., Medearis, D., Dolowitz, D. P., Keeley, M., & Shuster, W. (2014). German experience in managing stormwater with green infrastructure. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(3), 403-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.748652
29. Li, C., Peng, C., Chiang, P.-C., Cai, Y., Wang, X., & Yang, Z. (2019). Mechanisms and applications of green infrastructure practices for stormwater control: A review. Journal of Hydrology, 568, 626-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.074
30. Benedict, M. A., & McMahon, E. T. (2022). Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation For The 21st Century. Renewable Resources Journal, 20(3), 12-17.
31. Dhakal, K. P., & Chevalier, L. R. (2017). Managing urban stormwater for urban sustainability: Barriers and policy solutions for green infrastructure application. Journal of Environmental Management, 203, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.065
32. Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2020). Determination of pond volume with using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Mersin photogrammetry journal, 2(2), 59-63.
33. Memduhoğlu, A. (2023). Identifying impervious surfaces for rainwater harvesting feasibility using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery and machine learning classification. Advanced GIS, 3(1), 01–06.
34. Sert, E. (2013). Rain Water In The Energy Efficient Urban Landscape Design (Master’s Thesis). Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul.
35. Çelik, M. Ö., & Yakar, M. (2023). Arazi kullanımı ve arazi örtüsü değişikliklerinin uzaktan algılama ve cbs yöntemi ile izlenmesi: Mersin, Türkiye örneği. Türkiye Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Dergisi, 5(1), 43-51..
36. Jayasooriya, V. M., Ng, A. W. M., Muthukumaran, S., & Perera, C. B. J. (2020). Optimization of Green Infrastructure Practices in Industrial Areas for Runoff Management: A Review on Issues, Challenges and Opportunities. Water, 12(4), 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041024
37. Önder, M. ., Güntel, A., & Kaya, Özgür Y. (2022). A geographical information systems (GIS) perspective on European green deal and sustainability. Advanced GIS, 2(1), 33–37.
38. Alfaloji, M. (2022). Water budget estimation using remote sensing observations and GLDAS-CLSM for Limpopo River Basin. Advanced Remote Sensing, 2(2), 85–93.
39. Çabuk, A., Çabuk, K.M., Aksoy, T., Şimşek, B., Güney, Y., Avdan, U., Uyguçgil, H., Çömert, R. (2018). Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerine Giriş. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi. E-ISBN 978-975-06-2496-4
40. Sağlam Doğan, B. (2020). Determination In Urban Areas Carbon Emissions And Land Use Relationship Using Remoe Sensing And Georaphic Information Systems: A Case Study Of Eskisehir Povince (Master’s Thesis). Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir.
41. Başaran, N., Küçük Matcı, D., & Avdan, U. (2022). Using multiple linear regression to analyze changes in forest area: the case study of Akdeniz Region. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 7(3), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.976418
42. Polat, Z. A., Kırtıloğlu, O. S., & Kayalık, M. (2023). Evolution and future trends in global research on geographic information system (GIS): a bibliometric analysis. Advanced GIS, 3(1), 22–30.
43. İşcan, F., & Ilgaz, A. (2017). Analysis Of Geographic/Urban Information System Web Presentations Of Local Goverments In Turkey. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 2(3), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.317088
44. Tülek, B., & Ersoy Mirici, M. (2019). Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services on Urban Systems. Peyzaj, 1(2, 1-11).
45. Che-Ani, A., N, S., & Sairi, A. (2009). Rainwater Harvesting as an Alternative Water Supply in the Future. European Journal of Scientific Research, 34.
46. Ünel, F. B., Kuşak, L., Yakar, M., & Doğan, H. Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ve analitik hiyerarşi prosesi kullanarak Mersin ilinde otomatik meteoroloji gözlem istasyonu yer seçimi. Geomatik, 8(2), 107-123.
47. Biswas, B. K. B. K., & Mandal, B. H. (2014). Construction and Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting System for Domestic Use in a Remote and Rural Area of Khulna, Bangladesh. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/751952
48. Doğangönül, Ö., & Doğangönül, C. (2009). Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli Yağmursuyu Kullanımı. Ankara: Teknik Yayınevi.
49. Eskisehir Chamber of Industry 2024-2027 Strategic Plan. (2024). https://www.eso.org.tr/stratejik-plan
50. Hımat, M. A. (2018). Province-Based Assessment Of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesing Potential In Turkey (Master’s Thesis). Selcuk University, Konya.
51. Eskisehir Industrial Zone. (2021). Water Consumption. https://www.eosb.org.tr/analiz/su_tuketimleri_bin_m_yil_7.html