Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods

Emrah Onat; Yakup Özkazanç

doi:10.26833/ijeg.1611426

Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods

Abstract

In this paper, hybrid-level fusion of radar imaging methods generally used in fighter aircraft such as Real Beam Ground Mapping (RBGM), Doppler Beam Sharpening (DBS) and Unfocused Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is explained. Historically, these methods are improved based upon previously developed methods. These methods that are considered in this paper chronologically are investigated in terms of theoretical aspects in detailed. The primary distinction between the methods lies in their cross-range resolutions. However, it is not feasible to generalize the resolution comparison among the methods, as cross-range resolution is influenced by both fixed parameters; such as real antenna beam-width, and dynamic parameters; range, including the aircraft's speed and the angle of the radar beam. These varying factors contribute to the differences in resolution across methods. Because of their some disadvantages against each other, the new method which is the fusion of them is proposed in order to defeat these deficiencies. With the help of the fusion algorithm, a new image can be generated dynamically by using different radar imaging methods for each pixel of the image depending on the real antenna beam width, momentary range, beam position and aircraft speed. So, an image with better resolution can be produced by fusion of radar imaging methods than the image they would produce alone. The article provides details about the hybrid-level fusion algorithm discussed, including its application to a reference image. Both the individual methods and the fusion algorithm were executed for comparison. Additionally, the improved DBS algorithm was also implemented for benchmarking purposes. The final images generated by each method and the fusion algorithm are presented, and evaluation metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Entropy (EN) were calculated to compare the results.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Cartography and Digital Mapping

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Emrah Onat ^*
0000-0002-7031-3729
Türkiye

Yakup Özkazanç
0000-0001-5214-7627
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

August 25, 2025

Publication Date

October 1, 2025

Submission Date

January 1, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 29, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 11 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1611426

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA79KU45DA

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Onat, E., & Özkazanç, Y. (2025). Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1611426

AMA

1.Onat E, Özkazanç Y. Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods. IJEG. 2025;11(1):1-20. doi:10.26833/ijeg.1611426

Chicago

Onat, Emrah, and Yakup Özkazanç. 2025. “Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods”. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences 11 (1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1611426.

EndNote

Onat E, Özkazanç Y (October 1, 2025) Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences 11 1 1–20.

IEEE

[1]E. Onat and Y. Özkazanç, “Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods”, IJEG, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–20, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.26833/ijeg.1611426.

ISNAD

Onat, Emrah - Özkazanç, Yakup. “Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods”. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences 11/1 (October 1, 2025): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1611426.

JAMA

1.Onat E, Özkazanç Y. Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods. IJEG. 2025;11:1–20.

MLA

Onat, Emrah, and Yakup Özkazanç. “Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods”. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, vol. 11, no. 1, Oct. 2025, pp. 1-20, doi:10.26833/ijeg.1611426.

Vancouver

1.Emrah Onat, Yakup Özkazanç. Hybrid-Level Fusion of Radar Imaging Methods. IJEG. 2025 Oct. 1;11(1):1-20. doi:10.26833/ijeg.1611426