Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush

Hajra Ambreen; Atta-ur Rahman

doi:10.26833/ijeg.1666208

Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush

Abstract

This study focuses on spatio-temporal variability of land use land cover (LULC) and its impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Swat valley, eastern Hindukush. Global warming has profound impacts on northern areas of Pakistan. Being the region of a large number of alpine glaciers and snowy peaks, this region is particularly susceptible to climate change. The country’s economy is mainly based on agriculture. However, due to rapid population growth, LULC is changing at the cost of increasing the built environment and deforestation. Rapid urbanization and uncontrolled deforestation are highly contributing to the elevation of average temperature. This rise in temperature results in a decrease in snow cover by accelerating the snow melting process which often results in increasing barren land. Hence, LULC and LST are studied synergistically in this research. This study is based on past one decade and six years’ time series data for 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 and 2023 was taken for detail analysis. For LULC analysis, supervised classification is used by applying Landsat 8/9 (OLI/TIRS) algorithms. Accuracy assessment is carried out for ground validation. LST is calculated by using the Thermal Band and Metadata of Landsat 8/9 (OLI). These parameters were correlated and analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation. The study area has observed considerable change in LULC. Significant growth has been observed in built-up areas from 1545575 km2 in 2013 to 242208 km2 in 2023, with gradual reduction in area under vegetation. The study area has observed increasing trend in LST from 16.5⁰C in 2013 to 26⁰C in 2023. The results of the analysis shows a strong correlation between these parameters.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This research work is extracted from the MPhil thesis of author Ms. Hajra Ambreen.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Geospatial Information Systems and Geospatial Data Modelling

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Hajra Ambreen
0009-0001-8227-6240
Pakistan

Atta-ur Rahman ^*
0000-0002-5932-2288
Pakistan

Publication Date

September 17, 2025

Submission Date

March 27, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 21, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 10 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1666208

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA63MP29HZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ambreen, H., & Rahman, A.- ur. (2025). Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 10(3), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1666208

AMA

1.Ambreen H, Rahman A ur. Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush. IJEG. 2025;10(3):495-503. doi:10.26833/ijeg.1666208

Chicago

Ambreen, Hajra, and Atta-ur Rahman. 2025. “Evaluating Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in LULC and Its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat Valley, Eastern Hindukush”. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences 10 (3): 495-503. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1666208.

EndNote

Ambreen H, Rahman A- ur (September 1, 2025) Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences 10 3 495–503.

IEEE

[1]H. Ambreen and A.- ur Rahman, “Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush”, IJEG, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 495–503, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.26833/ijeg.1666208.

ISNAD

Ambreen, Hajra - Rahman, Atta-ur. “Evaluating Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in LULC and Its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat Valley, Eastern Hindukush”. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences 10/3 (September 1, 2025): 495-503. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1666208.

JAMA

1.Ambreen H, Rahman A- ur. Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush. IJEG. 2025;10:495–503.

MLA

Ambreen, Hajra, and Atta-ur Rahman. “Evaluating Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in LULC and Its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat Valley, Eastern Hindukush”. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, vol. 10, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 495-03, doi:10.26833/ijeg.1666208.

Vancouver

1.Hajra Ambreen, Atta-ur Rahman. Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush. IJEG. 2025 Sep. 1;10(3):495-503. doi:10.26833/ijeg.1666208