Analysis of Surface Displacements Occurring in the February 6, 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Sequence with GNSS Observations Based on CORS Stations and the Static PPP Technique

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 510 - 528, 16.12.2025

Ömer Yurdakul

https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1765899

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Two major earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) of 7.7 and 7.6 occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, followed by another earthquake of Mw = 6.4 on February 20, 2023. In addition to the damage to buildings and infrastructure during the earthquake, surface ruptures and ground movements were also observed. The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations have been implemented in seismic and geodynamic studies since the 1980s. In particular, GNSS observations based on Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are used to determine pre- and post-earthquake surface movements. A review of the literature revealed that no study has been conducted to observe the surface displacements over a 6-month period using the static PPP technique based on CORS stations for the earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye in February 2023. In this study, 18 of the CORS stations covering the 11 provinces most affected by the earthquakes were selected to detect surface movements and displacements utilizing GNSS data derived from CORS stations. The 24-hour Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) data of these stations were obtained. Pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data of the stations were processed separately. Processes were carried out online using the Trimble CenterPoint RTX Post-Processing software with the static precise point positioning (PPP) technique. These stations were then monitored for 6 months after the earthquake. The effect of the ongoing aftershocks was also revealed by comparing the monthly coordinate differences. According to the 6-month results, it was observed that the maximum displacement was 250.07 cm in the x direction, -395.20 cm in the y direction and 30.63 cm in the z direction at Ekinözü (EKZ1) station, and the 3-dimensional displacement was 468.67 cm. The minimum 3-dimensional displacement was observed to be 0.10 cm at the Adana (ADN2) station. This applied method distinguishes this study from other studies and makes it original in its field. This study simultaneously contributed to earthquake researchers and scientific literature

Keywords

GNSS , The PPP technique , Surface displacements , Türkiye earthquakes , East Anatolian Fault Zone

Ethical Statement

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

Thanks

The author greatly appreciates the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre for CORS-TR data and Trimble Inc. for Trimble CenterPoint RTX Post-Processing Service. The author also thanks the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that significantly improved the quality of the manuscript.

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