Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Data-Based Spatiotemporal Variations and Trends of Atmospheric Gaseous Pollutants in Dinajpur District, Bangladesh

Abstract

Air pollution is now a major environmental and public health problem in many parts of South Asia, but it remains under-monitored at ground level. Utilizing the Google Earth Engine, the present study analyzes the spatiotemporal pattern of five major atmospheric pollutants (NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, and HCHO) over Dinajpur District in northern Bangladesh from space-borne observations with the Sentinel‑5P Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Multi-temporal datasets spanning 2019–2023 were employed to characterize annual trends, seasonality, and spatial pollution hotspots. Results show a statistically significant upward trend for NO₂ and HCHO (p < 0.05), with overall increases of percentage rates of 10.58% and 18.09%, respectively. Annual mean HCHO increased from 0.00019 mol m⁻² (2019) to 0.00023 mol m⁻² (2023), and peak NO₂ levels were 0.00010 mol m⁻² in 2023. SO₂ showed an upward trend in background concentration, with the annual mean of 0.00043 mol m⁻² in 2023, while CO showed a more stable trend, with a maximum value of its peak mean being 0.0438 mol m⁻² (in 2021). The accumulation of O₃ on the tree crowns steadily increased from 0.119 mol m⁻² (2019) to 0.126 mol m⁻² (2022) and then slightly decreased in 2023. The spatial analysis revealed long-lasting multi-pollutant hotspots associated with brick kilns, transportation activity, and expanding urbanization in the central-western urban corridor of Dinajpur. The Integrated Air Quality Risk Index shows the risk concentration in air quality around Dinajpur Sadar and near industrial areas. Such findings highlight the ability of satellite-based observations to capture pollution dynamics and deliver essential evidence for regional air-quality management and environmental policy development in data-scarce regions.

Keywords

• Air Quality
• Sentinel-5P
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• Ozone
• Carbon Monoxide

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