Complexity measures of sports facilities allocation in urban area by metric entropy and public demand compatibility

Abstract

Sports has an important role for the health of present societies and the next generations as an element of urban design. Sports facilities have strong effects on the social life in urban areas. The facilities supply the communication between the dynamics of the cities and generate synergy in the city life of people interacting with each other for improvement in their lives. Before the construction of the sports facilities, the planners must evaluate the type and size of them in terms of the population of the whole city and, the population of neighboring settlement areas, which use the facility. Entropy can be used as a criterion for the quantitative measure of spatial information on maps. In the study, the location of the sports facilities in Istanbul are compared by using the entropy as a quantitative criterion. As a result, the success of the location selection for the sports facilities in urban areas are estimated by using the entropy as a component. Metric entropy method and applications were carried out by a case study in the city of Istanbul for defining the spatial distribution of sports facility locations with the posts of people including "sports" and sports-related keywords on social media.

Keywords

• Metric entropy
• Urban complexity and spatial distribution
• Social media data
• Volunteered geographic information(VGI)

References

1. Adams, T. (1935). Outline of town and city planning: A review of past efforts and modern aims. Russell Sage Foundation.
2. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Interdepartmental Working Group on Land Use Planning. Guidelines for land-use planning. (1993). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
3. Anderson, L.T. (1995). Guidelines for preparing urban plans. Planners Press, American Planning Association.
4. Bale, J. (2002). Sports geography. ISBN 0419252304, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, NY-USA.
5. Ball, M. (2002). Cultural explanation of regional property markets: A critique. Urban Studies, 39, 1453-1469.
6. Bjørke, J.T. (1996). Framework for entropy-based map evaluation. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 23, 78-95.
7. Campbell, J., (1999). Harrison S. Professional sports and urban development: A brief review of issues and studies, 21.
8. Coates, D., & Humphreys, B. R. (2003). Professional sports facilities, franchises and urban economic development. Public Finance and Management, 3(3), 335-357.

9. Collins, M. (2014). Sport and social exclusion. ISBN 978- 0-415-56881-4, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, NYUSA.
10. Chapin, T. (1999). The political economy of sports facility location: An end-of-the-century review and assessment Marquette Sports Law Review, 10.
11. Chapin, T.S. (2002). Identifying the real costs and benefits of sports facilities. Citeseer.
12. Chapin, T.S. (2004). Sports facilities as urban redevelopment catalysts: Baltimore's camden yards and cleveland's gateway. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70, 193-209.
13. Davies, L.E. (2008). Sport and the local economy: The effects of stadia development on the commercial property market. Local Economy, 23, 31-46.
14. De Wrachien, D. (2003). Land use planning: a key to sustainable agriculture. In Conservation Agriculture (pp. 471-483). Springer, Dordrecht.
15. European Commission. (2007). White paper on sport.
16. Fairbairn, D. (2006). Measuring map complexity. Cartographic Journal 43, 224-238. Gengec, N. (2015). Geotweet downloader.
17. Goodchild, M.F. (2007). Citizens as sensors: The world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal, 69, 211-221.
18. Goodchild, M. (2009). Neogeography and the nature of geographic expertise. Journal of location based services, 3, 82-96.
19. Gulnerman, A.G.; Karaman, H. (2015). In PPGIS case studies comparison and future questioning, Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA), 15th International Conference on, IEEE: pp 104-107.
20. Gulnerman, A.; Gengec, N.; Karaman, H. (2016). Review of public tweets over Turkey within a pre-determined time. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 4, 153.
21. Iscan F, Ilgaz, A. (2017). Analysis of geographic/urban information system web presentations of local governments in Turkey, International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 2 (3), 75-83.
22. Kozma, G. (2014). The spatial development of sports facilities within the cities: A central European case study. Geosport for Society, Editura universităţii din Oradea, 1, 19-28.
23. Kozma, G.; Pénzes, J.; Molnár, E. (2016). Spatial development of sports facilities in Hungarian cities of county rank. In Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Vol. 31, p 37.
24. Kuşçu Ş.Ç., Türk, T., Ödül, H. and Çelik, M.N. (2018). Detection of paragliding fields by GIS, International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 3 (3), 119-125.
25. Lee, Y.; Li, Z.; Li, Y. (2000). Taxonomy of space tessellation. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 55, 139-149.
26. Li, Z.; Huang, P. (2002). Quantitative measures for spatial information of maps. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 16, 699-709.
27. Liebling, T.M.; Pournin, L. (2012). Voronoi diagrams and delaunay triangulations: Ubiquitous siamese twins. Documenta Mathematics, ISMP, 419-431.
28. Mumford, L. (1938). The culture of cities by Lewis Mumford. Harcourt, Brace and company: New York.
29. Neumann, J. (1994). The topological information content of a map/an attempt at a rehabilitation of information theory in cartography. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 31, 26-34.
30. Ristea, A.; Kurland, J.; Resch, B.; Leitner, M.; Langford, C. (2018). Estimating the spatial distribution of crime events around a football stadium from georeferenced tweets. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7, 43.
31. Sieber, R. (2006). Public participation Geographic Information Systems: A literature review and framework. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96, 491-507.
32. Sukhov, V. (1967). Information capacity of a map entropy. Geodesy and Aerophotography, 10, 212-215.
33. Sukhov, V. (1970). Application of information theory in generalization of map contents. International Yearbook of Cartography, 10, 41-47.
34. Sukumar, N., Moran, B., Yu Semenov, A., & Belikov, V. V. (2001). Natural neighbour Galerkin methods. International journal for numerical methods in engineering, 50(1), 1-27.
35. Schilling, J.; Linton, L.S. (2005). The public health roots of zoning: In search of active living’s legal genealogy. American journal of preventive medicine, 28, 96-104.
36. Shannon, C.E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 623- 656.
37. Shannon, C.E.; Weaver, W.; Burks, A.W. (1951). The mathematical theory of communication (review). Philosophical Review, 60.
38. Shekhar, S. (2015). From GPS and Google Maps to spatial computing.
39. Sport England. (2015). Active design: Planning for health and wellbeing through sport and physical activity. Public Health England.
40. Statista. (2016). Number of monthly active Twitter users worldwide from 1st quarter 2010 to 3rd quarter 2015 (in millions).
41. Tulloch, D.L. (2008). Is VGI participation? From vernal pools to video games. GeoJournal, 72, 161-171.
42. Thornley, A. (2002). Urban regeneration and sports stadia. European Planning Studies, 10, 813-818.
43. UN Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace. (2005). Sport as a tool for development and peace: Towards achieving the United Nations millennium development goals.
44. United Nations. (2016). The world's cities in 2016: Data booklet.
45. Van Bottenburg, M.; Rijnen, B.; W.J.H. Mulier Instituut, C.v.S.-W.S.; Sterkenburg, J.C. (2005). Sports participation in the European Union: Trends and differences. Arko Sports Media.
46. Voronoi, G. (1908). Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à la théorie des formes quadratiques. Deuxième mémoire. Recherches sur les parallélloèdres primitifs. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal), 198-287.
47. Voronoi, G. (1909). Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à théorie des formes quadratiques. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 67-182.
48. Watson, D.F.; Philip, G.M. (1984). Triangle based interpolation. Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, 16, 779-795.