Evaluation of bioclimatic comfort area with heat index: A case study of Kocaeli

Abstract

The main reason for technological developments is to make human life more comfortable. Bioclimatic comfort areas are areas where people feel the most comfortable and comfortable in terms of climate. As a result of global climate changes, the temperature in the world is increasing day by day moreover increase in terms of people living in our country and other countries which the need for comfortable and comfortable spaces increases in all seasons. Bioclimatic comfort areas are the most needed in the summer months. However, the average temperature increases day by day in all seasons due to climate change. For this reason, within the scope of this study, the most suitable bioclimatic comfort areas were calculated with the HEAT index by using the average temperature and humidity maps for the fall, winter, spring, and summer seasons of 2019. While creating temperature and humidity maps, a point database was created for the neighborhoods in Kocaeli Province, temperature and humidity data were combined in this database. The temperature and humidity map for each season was open-source code the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method in the QGIS 3.16 software was transformed into a map in raster format. The heat index was created by using temperature and relative humidity maps in raster format. Then, the relationship between the created heat index maps and morphological factors was examined.

Keywords

• Bioclimatic Comfort
• Heat Index
• Inverse Distance Weight (IDW)
• Kocaeli
• QGIS 3.16 Software

References

1. Çınar, A. (2007). Psikometri nedir? Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği Isıtma, Soğutma, Havalandırma, Klima, Yangın ve Sıhhi Tesisat Dergisi, sayı 49 (s.ek 1-7).
2. Adiguzel, F., Cetin, M., Kaya, E., Simsek, M., Gungor, S., & Sert, E. B. (2020). Defining suitable areas for bioclimatic comfort for landscape planning and landscape management in Hatay, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 139(3), 1493-1503.
3. Bozdogan Sert, E., Kaya, E., Adiguzel, F., Cetin, M., Gungor, S., Zeren Cetin, I., & Dinc, Y. (2021). Effect of the surface temperature of surface materials on thermal comfort: a case study of Iskenderun (Hatay, Turkey). Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 144(1), 103-113
4. Cetin, M., Adiguzel, F., Gungor, S., Kaya, E., & Sancar, M. C. (2019). Evaluation of thermal climatic region areas in terms of building density in urban management and planning for Burdur, Turkey. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(9), 1103-1112.
5. Cetin, M., Adiguzel, F., Kaya, O., & Sahap, A. (2018). Mapping of bioclimatic comfort for potential planning using GIS in Aydin. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20(1), 361-375.
6. Cetin, M., Yildirim, E., Canturk, U., & Sevik, H. (2018). Chapter 25: investigation of bioclimatic comfort area of Elazig city centre. In book title: recent researches in science and landscape management. 324-333.
7. Cetın, M., & Zeren, I. (2016). Bioclimatic mapping of rural areas in Bozkurt, Turkey, for recreation. In VII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium," Agrosym 2016", 6-9 October 2016, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Proceedings (pp. 2924-2931). University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture.
8. Cetin, M., & Zeren, I. (2016). Evaluation of the value of biocomfort for Kastamonu-Inebolu. In International conference GREDIT, 4-35.

9. Cetin, M., Sevik, H., & Zeren, I. (2017). Chapter 7_ Coastal biocomfort mapping for Doganyurt. OMICS, E-Books International, The Effects of Environmental Policies on Sustainability: Theory and Methods. Eds: Nurcan Kilinc-Ata, 51-55.
10. Gungor, S., Cetin, M., & Adiguzel, F. (2021). Calculation of comfortable thermal conditions for Mersin urban city planning in Turkey. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 14(4), 515-522.
11. Zeren Cetin, I., Ozel, H. B., & Varol, T. (2020). Integrating of settlement area in urban and forest area of Bartin with climatic condition decision for managements. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(8), 1013-1022.
12. Zeren Cetin, I. & Sevik, H. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between bioclimatic comfort and land use by using GIS and RS techniques in Trabzon. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 192(2), 1-14.
13. Atılgan İ., Ataer Ö. E. (2009). Isıl Konfor Analizinin Uygulanması. IX. Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi ve Sergisi Bildiri Kitabı, 571-581.
14. Fanger, P. O. (1972). Thermal comfort, analysis, and applications in environmental engineering. 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill,
15. Givoni B., (1976). Climate and Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
16. Höppe P. (1984). Die Energiebilanz des Menschen. Wiss. Mitt. Meteorol. Inst. Uni München, 43, 71- 75.
17. Landsberg H.E. (1972). The Assessment of Human Bioclimate, a Limited Reviewof Physical Parameters”, World Meteorological Organization, Technical Note No.123, WMO-No. 331, 221-242.
18. Parsons K. C. (2003). Human thermal environments: the effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance. Taylor & Francis, 5, 258-271.
19. Çınar, İ., (1999). Fiziksel Planlamada Biyoiklimsel Veriler Kullanarak Biyokonforun Oluşturulması Üzerine Fethiye Merkezi Yerleşimi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, EÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 89s.
20. Cetin, M. (2019). The effect of urban planning on urban formations determining bioclimatic comfort area’s effect using satellitia imagines on air quality: a case study of Bursa city. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(10), 1237-1249.
21. Cetin, M. (2020). The changing of important factors in the landscape planning occur due to global climate change in temperature, Rain and climate types: A case study of Mersin City. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(12), 2695-2701.
22. Cetin, M. (2020). Climate comfort depending on different altitudes and land use in the urban areas in Kahramanmaras City. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(8), 991-999.
23. Cetin, M. (2018, September). The finding of suitable biocomfort area mapping for Karabük City Center. In International Agricultural, Biological & Life Science Conference (pp. 295-299). 2018, September, Edirne.
24. Cetin, M. (2016). Determination of bioclimatic comfort areas in landscape planning: A case study of Cide Coastline. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 4(9), 800-804.
25. Cetin, M. (2015). Determining the bioclimatic comfort in Kastamonu City. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(10), 1-10.
26. Cetin, M., Topay, M., Kaya, L. G., & Yılmaz, B. (2010). Efficiency of bioclimatic comfort in landscape planning process: case of Kutahya. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Seri A, (1), 83-95.
27. Matzarakis A., (2003). Assessing Climate for Tourism Purposes: Existing Methodsand Tools for The Thermal Complex. Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg, 101-105.
28. Nikolopoulou M., Baker N., Steemers K. (2001). Açık alanlardaki kentsel alanlarda termal konfor: insan parametresini anlama. Solar Energy, 70(3),227-235
29. Blazejczyk K. (2005). New indices to assess thermal risks outdoors. [in:] I. Holmér, K.Kuklane, Ch. Gao (red.), Environmental Ergonomics XI”, Proc. Of the 11th International Conference, 222-225, 22-26 May.
30. Çınar, İ. (2004). Biyoklimatik Konfor Ölçütlerinin Peyzaj Planlama Sürecinde Etkinliği Üzerinde Muğla-Karabağlar Yaylası Örneğinde Araştırmalar. Doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 227s.
31. Evans, J. M. (2003). Evaluating comfort with varying temperature: a graphic design tool, Energy and Bulding, 35(2003) 87-93.
32. Olgyay, V., (1973). Desıgn wıth Clımate, Bıoclimatic Approach to Archıtectural Regıonalism. Prınceton Universsıty Press, New Jersey.
33. Koçman, A. (1991). İzmir'in Kentsel Gelişimini Etkileyen Doğal Çevre Faktörleri ve Bunlara İlişkin Sorunlar, Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 s: 101, İzmir.
34. Steadman, R. G. (1994). Norms of Apparent Temperature in Australia. Aust. Met. Mag. 43, 1–16.
35. Rothfusz L. P., (1990). The Heat Index Equation (or, More Than You ever wanted to know about heat index). Technology Attachment, SR/SSD 90-23, NWS S. Reg. Headquarters, Forth Worth, TX.