Detection of upwelling events in the Caspian Sea using thermal satellite image processing

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 247 - 255

Said Safarov Khalil Valizadeh Kamran Vusal Ismayilov Elnur Safarov

https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1394363

Öz

In this article, we studied the upwelling phenomena observed in the surface waters of the Caspian Sea. Studying upwelling is crucial for understanding and managing the complex interactions between the ocean, climate, and marine life, with implications for both environmental conservation and human well-being. To accomplish this, we utilized data from MODIS-Aqua satellite observations in the infrared range of 11 microns. These observations had a spatial resolution of 4 km and covered the period from 2003 to 2021. The data was accessed through the NASA Giovanni online data system databases. Our findings indicate that upwelling phenomena are primarily observed in the eastern part of the Middle and South Caspian from May to September. The most intense upwelling occurs along the eastern coast of the Middle Caspian in July and August. Based on long-term averaged data, the upwelling phenomenon is typically observed between 40-44º latitude during this period. The width of the upwelling zone increases gradually from north to south, extending approximately 60-70 km towards the Kazakh Gulf before decreasing towards the south. In the upwelling zone, the temperature gradient can at times reach 4.0ºC per 100 km. In certain years, the upwelling zone that initially forms along the eastern coasts can extend over long distances and even reach the western coasts. Generally, the upwelling phenomenon occurs alongside the advection of warm waters from the South Caspian towards the Middle Caspian.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caspian Sea, MODIS Aqua, Upwelling phenomenon, Sea surface temperature, Advection

Kaynakça

• Nacef, L., Bachari, N. E. İ., Bouda, A., & Boubnia, R. (2016). Variability and decadal evolution of temperature and salinity in the mediterranean sea surface. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 1(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.285222
• Beşel, C., & Kayıkçı, E. T. (2020). Investigation of Black Sea mean sea level variability by singular spectrum analysis. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 5(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.580510
• Shcherbak, S. Ya. (1940). Surface water temperature in the middle and southern parts of the Caspian Sea. Proceedings on the integrated study of the Caspian Sea. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 66-69 (in Russian).
• Shtokman, V. B. (1947). On the wind-induced circulation in the deep waters of the Caspian Sea. Meteorology and Hydrology, 2, 42-50 (in Russian).
• Eltay, A. G., Ivkina, N. I., & Narbayeva, K. T. (2019). Upwelling phenomenon near the Kazakhstani part of the Caspian Sea. Hydrometeorology and Ecology, 3, 17–25 (in Russian).
• Ginzburg, A. I., Kostyanoy, A. G., & Sheremet, N. A. (2020). Dynamics of upwelling zone near the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea in the seasonal cycle (May - September) by satellite mean annual temperature data (2003-2019). Modern Problems of Earth Remote Sensing, 17(7), 215-226 (in Russian).
• Safarov, S. H., Safarov, E. S., & Ismayilova, N. N. (2023). Study of the wind regime of the oil stones area. Scientific conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of H. Aliyev (in Azerbaijani)
• Lavrova, O. Y., Kostyanoy, A. G., Lebedev, S. A., Mityagina, M. I., Ginzburg, A. I., & Sheremet, N. A. (2011). Integrated satellite monitoring of the seas of Russia. Moscow: Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS).
• Yağmur, N., Tanık, A., Tuzcu, A., Musaoğlu, N., Erten, E., & Bilgilioglu, B. (2020). Opportunities provided by remote sensing data for watershed management: example of Konya Closed Basin. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 5(3), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.638669
• Jeong, J. Y., Lee, S., Kwon, J. I., Jeong, S. H., & Noh, J. H. (2016). Assessment of MODIS-Aqua Sea surface temperature in the Yellow Sea and East China Seas. American Geophysical Union, 2016, PO14A-2757.
• Ivkina, N. I. (2011). Wind conditions in the northern and middle parts of the Caspian Sea. Hydrometeorology and Ecology, 4, 27-38 (in Russian).
• Dyakonov, G. S., & Ibraev, R. A. (2019). Dynamics of the waters of the Caspian Sea over the Apsheron threshold in 2003. Marine Hydrophysical Journal, 35 (6), 633-645 (in Russian).
• Allakhverdiyev, Z. S. (2017). Statistical and energetic characteristics of wind speed series in the Caspian Sea. Water problems: Science and technologies, 2(10), 20-27 (in Azerbaijani).
• Ginzburg, A. I., Kostyanoy A. G. G., Solovyev, D. M., & Sheremet, N. A. (2006). Frontal upwelling zone near the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea (satellite observations). Earth Observations from Space, 4, 3-12 (in Russian).
• Serebrennikov, A. N. (2019). The technique of spatial separation of the upwelling by seasonal character. Modern Problems of Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space, 16(2), 9–17 (in Russian).
• Arkhipova, E. G. (1957). Thermal balance of the Caspian Sea. Tr. GOIN, 35, 3-102 (in Russian).
• Goryachkin, Yu. N. (2018). Upwelling nearby the Crimea Western Coast. Morskoy Gidrofizicheskiy Zhurnal, [e-journal] 34(5), 399-411. https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2018-5-399-411 (in Russian).
• Monakhova, G. A., & Akhmedova, G. A. (2010) Rise of deep waters near the western coast of the Middle Caspian. Scientific Journal of KubGAU, 63(09), 1-12 (in Russian).
• https://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/
• Khoshakhlagh, F., Katigari, A. Sh., Saboori, Sh. H., Mojtahedi, N. F., Pour, F. M., & Oskuee, E. A. (2016). Trend of the Caspian Sea surface temperature changes. Natural Environment Change, 2(1), 57- 66.
• Mayantsev, G. P., & Osyanin, Yu. A. (1965). On underground runoff from Mangyshlak to the Caspian Sea. Oceanology, 5, 854-855 (in Russian).
• Khoshakhlagh, F., Shakouri Katigari, A., Hadinejad Saboori, S., Farid Mojtahedi, N., Momen Poor, F., & Asadi Oskuee, E. (2016). Trend of the Caspian Sea surface temperature changes. Natural Environment Change, 2(1), 57-66.
• Kerimov, A. A., & Klevtsova, N. T. (1977) Anomaly of water temperature and internal waves in the Middle Caspian. Proceedings of the TCRIH, 70, 53-63 (in Russian).
• Kosarev, A. N. (1980) Water structure and conditions for the formation of biological productivity in the Middle and South Caspian. Water Resources, 3, 26-36 (in Russian).
• Kazmin, A. S. (2021). Multidecadal variability of the hydrometeorological parameters in the Caspian Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 250, 107150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107150