Development of Interoperability Principles for Disaster and Emergency Management System of Türkiye

Abstract

Due to their complex nature, disasters and emergencies require a data-intensive management system in which many actors from different sectors participate and simultaneous processes are managed. Due to this complexity, there are problems in managing and sharing process services and geographic data effectively. The key to solving these problems is the introduction of a complete interoperability model. In this context, interoperability models based on existing international standards are analyzed in this study. FEI and EIF models are taken as basis in terms of disaster and emergency management interoperability requirements. Accordingly, the interoperability reference model was created in legal, organizational, semantic and technical frameworks to meet the interoperability levels. This general framework model has been evaluated in the service and data layers that need to be fully defined in disaster and emergency management phases, and a basic model including interoperability solutions for the service and data model has been created.

Keywords

• Disaster and Emergency Management
• Interoperability Model
• Semantic Interoperability
• Geo-Data Model
• Service Model

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK 2214/A

References

1. AFAD, (2023). Projects. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from https://www.afad.gov.tr/projelerimiz.
2. AFAD. (2012). 2013-2017 Strategic Plan. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. Retrieved 10 August 2022 from https://en.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/ en.afad/2584/files/Afad_Strtjk_web_en_son.pdf
3. AIF, (2006). ATHENA Interoperability Framework, ATHENA Consortium. Retrieved 12 September 2022 from https://sintef-9012.github.io/athena-interoperability-framework/wholesite.pdf
4. Asuncion, C. H. and Sinderen, M. J. (2010). Pragmatic Interoperability: A Systematic Review of Published Definitions.
5. Billaud, S. Daclin, N. and Chapurlat, V. (2017). Interoperability as a Key Concept for the Control and Evolution of the System of Systems (SoS). 6th International IFIP Working Conference on Enterprise Interoperability (IWEI), May 2015, Nîmes, France. pp.53-63.
6. Bizid, I., Faiz, S., Boursier, P., Che, J. and Yusuf, M. (2015). Integration of Heterogeneous Spatial Databases for Disaster Management. 7th International Workshop on Semantic and Conceptual Issues in GIS, Hong Kong, China.
7. Bullock, J. A., Haddow, G. D., Coppola, D. P. (2012). Mitigation, Prevention, and Preparedness. Introduction to Homeland Security (pp 435-494), Elsevier.
8. Cestari, J.M., Lezoche, M., Loures, E.R., Panetto, H. and Santos; E. P. (2014). A Method for e-government Concepts Interoperability Assessment. 4th International Conference on Information Society and Technology,

9. ICIST 2014, Kopaonik, Serbia. pp.79-85.
10. Chantillon, M., Crompyoets, J. and Sallamo, M. (2021). Final Study Report - Proposal for a European Interoperability Framework for Smart Cities and Communities (EIF4SCC). Technical Report, European Commission.
11. Chen, D., Vallespir, B. and Daclin, N. (2008). An Approach for Enterprise Interoperability Measurement. Proceedings of MoDISE-EUS.
12. Clapp, J. J. (2020). Exploring the Relationship Between IoT Security and Standardization. Part of the Databases and Information Systems Commons. Retrieved 10 August 2022 from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10981&context=dissertations
13. Cretan, A., Countinho, C., Bratu, B. and Goncalves, R. J. (2012). A Framework for Sustainable Interoperability of Negotiation Processes. IFAC Proceedings. Volumes, 45(6), 1258-1263.
14. Danielsson, A. (2022). Producing the military urban(s): Interoperability, space-making, and epistemic distinctions between military services in urban operations. Political Geography, 102649.
15. Destino, G. Parssinen, A., Tammelin, S. and Monnerat, M. (2017). 5G Communication with a Heterogeneous, 5G CHAMPION Architecture. (Tavernier, W. Ed), (pp36-45).
16. Diallo, S. Y., Herencia, H., Padilla, J. J. and Tolk, A. (2011). Understanding Interoperability, Proceedings of the 2011 Emerging M&S Applications in Industry and Academia Symposium. Boston, MA, USA.
17. EIF, (2017). New European Interoperability Framework Promoting Seamless Services and Data Flows for European Public Administrations. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
18. EIF, (2022). European Interoperability Framework for Smart Cities and Communities (EIF4SCC). Commission Staff Working Document.
19. EIF, (2023). Technical Interoperability. Interoperability Layer 6. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/nifo-national-interoperability-framework-observatory/solution/eif-toolbox/interoperability-layer-6-technical-interoperability
20. EIMM, (2006). Enterprise interoperability maturity model (EIMM). The ATHENA Consortium. Retrieved 10 August 2022 from https://sintef-9012.github.io/athena-interoperability-framework/methodology/eimm.pdf
21. ESRI, (2003). Spatial Data Standards and GIS Interoperability, An ESRI White Paper, United State of America. EU4Digital, (2020). Common Guidelines for eHealth Harmonisation and Interoperability. Retrieved 10 August 2022 from https://eufordigital.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Common-Guidelines-for-eHealth-Harmonisation-and-Interoperability.pdf
22. Ford, T., Colombi, J., Jacques, D. and Graham, S. R. (2007). The Interoperability Score. 5th Annual Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
23. Giannecchini, S., Spina, F., Nordgen, B. and Desruisseaux, M. (2006). Supporting Interoperable Geospatial Data Fusion by Adopting OGC and ISO TC 211 Standards, Information Fusion, 9th International Conference
24. Gong, J., Geng, J. and Chen, Z. (2015). Real-time GIS Data Model and Sensor Web Service Platform for Environmental Data Management, Int J Health Geogr.
25. Gotlib, D., Choromanski, K., Kaczalek, B. (2022). CENAGIS Geo-Cyberinfrastructure as a R&D Environment for a Surveyor 4.0. Volunteering for the future - Geospatial excellence for a better living, FIG Congress, Warsaw, Poland, 11–15 September 2022.
26. Hare, T. M., Rossi, A. P., Frigeri, A. and Marmo, C. (2018). Interoperability in Planetary Research for Geospatial Data Analysis, Planetary and Space Science. Volume 150, 36-42.
27. Hellberg, A. S. and Grönlund, A. (2013). Conflicts in Implementing Interoperability: Re-Operationalizing Basic Values, Government Information Quarterly, 30(2), pp 154-162.
28. Hey, T. (2009). The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, Data Intensive Scientific Discovery. (Tansley, S. Ed), (pp 23–34).
29. International Atomic Energy Agency (1998). Guidelines for Integrated Risk Assessment and Management in Large Industrial Areas, Inter-Agency Programme on the Assessment and Management of Health and Environmental Risks from Energy and Other Complex Industrial Systems. Retrieved 10 August 2022 from https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF /te_994_prn.pdf
30. Jabin, J. and Amor, R. (2019). Systematic literature review on interoperability measurement models, Technical Report.
31. James, A. T. and Muguira, A. (2003). The Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model, Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, Florida, September.
32. Kouroubali, A. and Katehakis, D. G. (2019). The new European interoperability framework as a facilitator of digital transformation for citizen empowerment. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 94, 103166.
33. Kumar, S., Tiwari, P. and Zymbler, M. (2019). Internet of Things is a Revolutionary Approach for Future Technology Enhancement: A Review, Journal of Big Data, 6:111.
34. Leal, G., Guedria, W. and Panetto, H. (2019). Interoperability Assessment: A Systematic Literature Review. Computers in Industry (106), pp.111-132.
35. Linden, D. and Zee, M. (2014). On the Semantic Feature Structure of Modeling Concepts: An Empirical Study. Conference Paper.
36. Lukyanenko, R., Storey, V. C. and Pastor, O. (2022). System: A core conceptual modeling construct for capturing complexity. Data & Knowledge Engineering, Volume 141, 102062.
37. Lun, Y. (2012). Approach for Information Systems Semantic Interoperability in Supply Chain Environment. Ph.D. Thesis. Zhejiang University, Computer Aided Engineering.
38. Maremi, K., Herselman, M. and Botha, A. (2020). Interoperability Maturity Models for Consideration When Using School Management Systems (Sms) in South Africa: A Scoping Review, .Prague Czechia Sep 03-04.
39. Memduhoglu, A. and Basaraner, M. (2018). Possible Contributions of Spatial Semantic Methods and Technologies to Multi-Representation Spatial Database Paradigm. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences (IJEG), 3(3): 108-118.
40. Migliorini, M. (2018). The role of data interoperability in disaster risk reduction: barriers, challenges and regional initiatives, European Science and Technology Advisory Group. Retrieved 10 August 2022 from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/report/
41. Morris, E., Levine, L., Meyers, C. and Plakosh, D. (2004). System of Systems Interoperability (SOSI): Final Report. National Research Council, (1999). Interoperability. Realizing the Potential of C4I: Fundamental Challenges. National Academies Press.
42. Niedermayr, C., Wang, F., Pan, T., Kurc, T and Joel, S. (2013). Semantically Interoperable XML Data. NIFO, (2023). Interoperability Layers, National Interoperability Framework Observatory. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/nifo-national-interoperability-framework-observatory/3-interoperability-layers
43. Noural, M. Mohammed, A. and Gaedkel, M. (2019). Interoperability in Internet of Things: Taxonomies and Open Challenges. Mobile Networks and Applications, 24:796–809.
44. OGC, (2007). Reference Model for the ORCHESTRA Architecture. Open Geospatial Consortium. FP6-511678. PAHO, (2021). Introduction to Semantic Interoperability, Digital Transformation Toolkit. Pan American Health Organization.
45. Petrasch, R. J. and Petrasch, R. R. (2022). Data Integration and Interoperability: Towards a Model-Driven and Pattern-Oriented Approach. Modelling, 3(1), 105-126.
46. Reichstädter, P. (2018). Austrian Interoperability Framework. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from https://neu.ref.wien.gv.at
47. Sadiq, S., Orlowska, M., Sadiq, W. and Foulger, C. (2003). Data Flow and Validation in Workflow Modelling. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, Dunedin, New Zealand.
48. Salvadori, C. (2018). Requirements and High Level Specifications for IoT-based Smart PI Containers, New ICT Infrastructure and Reference Architecture to Support Operations in Future PI Logistics NETworks. Ref. Ares(2020)3181127.
49. SLDS, (2019). Developing Effective Data Policies and Processes. Institute of Education Sciences (IES).
50. Song, F., Zacharewicz, G. and Chen, D. (2012). Ontology for Contributing to Enterprise Interoperability, Proceedings of UNITE 2nd Doctoral Symposium: R&D in Future Internet and Enterprise Interoperability.
51. Sudmanns, M., Tiede, D., Lang, S. and Baraldi, A. (2018). Semantic and Syntactic Interoperability in Online Processing of Big Earth Observation Data. International Journal of Digital Earth, 11(1): 95–112.
52. Sun, Z., Di, L. and Gaigalas, J. (2019). SUIS: Simplify the Use of Geospatial Web Services in Environmental Modelling, Environmental Modelling & Software, 119, 228-241.
53. Tedla, T. B. (2016). The Impact of Organizational Culture on Corporate Performance.
54. Tolk, A. and Muguira, J. A. (2003). The Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model. Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, Florida.
55. Trogrlić, R. S., Homberg, M., Budimir, M., McQuistan, C., Sneddon, A., Golding, B. (2022). Early Warning Systems and Their Role in Disaster Risk Reduction, Towards the Perfect Weather Warning (pp 11–46), Springer.
56. Ullah, F., Habib, M. A., Farhan, M., Khalid, S., Durrani, M. Y. And Jabbar, S. (2017). Semantic Interoperability for Big-Data in Heterogeneous Iot Infrastructure for Healthcare. Sustainable Cities and Society, 34: 90-96.
57. Wang, W., Tolk, A. and Wang, W. (2009). The Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model: Applying Systems Engineering Principles to M&S. Spring Simulation Multiconference, San Diego, CA, USA.
58. Wimmer, M. A., Boneva, R. and Giacomo, D. (2018). Interoperability Governance: a Definition and Insights from Case Studies in Europe, Article No: 14Pages 1–11
59. Yang, C., Raskin, R., Goodchild, M. and Gahegan, M. (2010). Geospatial Cyberinfrastructure: Past, present and Future. Computers Environment and Urban Systems, 34(4), 264-277.
60. Yang, F., Han, H. and Wang, S. (2013). Architecture-Based Hierarchical Interoperability Modeling and Evaluation of Internet Systems. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, July 3 - 5, London, U.K.
61. Ying; S. Sztipanovits, J. Cohen, I., Corman, D. and Davis, J. (2013). Cyber physical Systems. Zacharewicz, G., Daclin, N. Doumeingts, G. And Haidar, H. (2020). Model Driven Interoperability for System Engineering, Modelling, 1(2), 94-121.
62. Zdravkovic, M., Trajanovic, M., Stojkovic, M., Misic, D. and Vitkovic; N. (2012). A Case of Using the Semantic Interoperability Framework. Annual Reviews in Control, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 318-326.
63. Zongyao, S., Yichun, X. (2010). Design of Service-Oriented Architecture for Spatial Data Integration and Its Application in Building Web-based GIS Systems. Geo-spatial Information Science, 13(1), 8-15.