Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods

Şaziye Özge Atik

Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods

Abstract

Detection and monitoring of urban vegetation is a subject in many sustainable development goal studies. Detection of green areas and their decreasing rates with increasing urbanization are followed with interest by municipalities and planners. Due to their high cost-effectiveness, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used extensively in agriculture and forest management. In this study, low vegetation, tree and non-vegetation classes were classified using ensemble machine learning methods on a university campus. After the pre-processing steps of the images obtained via UAV, datasets consisting of different bands and indices were created for classification and the effect of the DEM layer was also investigated. Four machine learning classifiers were implemented, namely XGBoost, LightGBM, Gradient Boosting and CatBoost. According to the results, the highest classification performances are achieved when vegetation indices and DEM are used together. The CatBoost method obtained 90.2% accuracy and 86.9% F1-score. It is understood that the classification of multispectral aerial images with ML has shown promising results in the detection of vegetation in urban areas

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Şaziye Özge Atik ^*
0000-0003-2876-040X
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 31, 2025

Submission Date

February 16, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 21, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 12 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Atik, Ş. Ö. (2025). Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 12(1), 43-53. https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL

AMA

1.Atik ŞÖ. Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods. IJEGEO. 2025;12(1):43-53. https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL

Chicago

Atik, Şaziye Özge. 2025. “Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM With Ensemble Machine Learning Methods”. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 12 (1): 43-53. https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL.

EndNote

Atik ŞÖ (March 1, 2025) Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 12 1 43–53.

IEEE

[1]Ş. Ö. Atik, “Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods”, IJEGEO, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 43–53, Mar. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL

ISNAD

Atik, Şaziye Özge. “Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM With Ensemble Machine Learning Methods”. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 12/1 (March 1, 2025): 43-53. https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL.

JAMA

1.Atik ŞÖ. Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods. IJEGEO. 2025;12:43–53.

MLA

Atik, Şaziye Özge. “Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM With Ensemble Machine Learning Methods”. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 2025, pp. 43-53, https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL.

Vancouver

1.Şaziye Özge Atik. Classification of Urban Vegetation Utilizing Spectral Indices and DEM with Ensemble Machine Learning Methods. IJEGEO [Internet]. 2025 Mar. 1;12(1):43-5. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA92GK67LL