Geological and Petrographic Factors Affecting Formation of Active Landslides in the North of Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

Abstract

The study includes landslide movements that take place on Eocene and Middle-Upper Miocene aged the terrestrial and marine sedimentary rock units on the Canakkale basin in the Biga Peninsula. In this study, the active Ambaroba Landslide, Şevketiye and Adatepe Landslides located on the northern coasts of Biga Peninsula were investigated.The geological studies in the Ambaroba landslide have shown the integrity of the Bayramiç formation and the Şapcı volcanics in this area have shown their influence in the Miocene period.The sandstones in the Bayramiç formation are not very well paste and are yellow, dirty yellow and gray in color.The sliding surface units in the moving masses consist of non-hardening, very large blocky, pebbly and loose cement-bonded pebbles. In the Şevketiye and Adatepe Landslides, a sliding movement has occurred on the sandstone and conglomerate units with yellowish brown colors in the Fıçıtepe formation. The sandstones in these landslide areas are massive and well cemented. Conglomerates are weaker than sandstones and are fond of a gray-beige color that does not harden. Precipitation data and GPS measurements of the landslide areas were evaluated together with the lithological properties of the rocks.Loose sandstones and pebbles in the entire landslide areas studied can easily move due to seasonal precipitation.This movement was mostly seen in the Şevketiye landslide area and then in the Adatepe and Ambaroba areas, respectively. Although their effectiveness has decreased, the movements will continue, as the lithological features will not change in these areas. As a result, the measures specified in this study should be taken into account in order to eliminate the destructive effects of landslides.

Keywords

• Lithostratigraphy
• Eocene-Oligocene Magmatism
• Geochemistry
• Biga Peninsula
• NW Anatolia

References

1. Aleotti, P., Chowdhurry, R. (1999). Landslide hazard assessments: Summary review and new perspective. Bulletin of Engineering Geology of the Environment, 58, 21-44.
2. Bekler, T., Ekinci, Y.L., Demirci, A., Erginal, A.E., Ertekin, C. (2011). Characterization of a landslide using seismic refraction, electrical resistivity and hydrometer methods, Adatepe-Çanakkale, NW Turkey. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 16(3), 115-126.
3. Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., Detti, R., Guzzetti, F., Pasqui, V., Reichenbach, P. (1991). GIS techniques and statistical models in evaluating landslide hazard. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 16(5), 427-445.
4. Cruden, D.M., Varnes, D.J. (1996). Landslide types and processes. In: Turner A.K., Shuster R.L. (eds) Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation. Transportation Research Board, Special Report No. 247, (pp. 36–75).
5. Dönmez, M., Akçay, A.E., Genç, Ş.C., Acar, Ş. (2005). Biga Yarımadasında Orta-Üst Eosen volkanizması ve denizel ignimbiritler. MTA Dergisi, 131, 49-61.
6. Duman, T.Y., Ateş Ş, (2012). Biga Yarımadasının Heyelan Envanteri. In Yüzer, E., Tunay, G. (Eds.) Biga Yarımadasının Genel ve Ekonomik Jeolojisi. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Yayın Serisi-28, (pp. 199-205).
7. Erginal, A.E., Öztürk, B., Ekinci, Y.L., Demirci, A. (2009). Investigation of the nature of slip surface using geochemical analyses and 2-D electrical resistivity tomography: a case study from Lapseki area, NW Turkey. Environmental Geology, 58(6), 1167-1175.
8. Erenoğlu, R.C., Akçay, Ö., Şengül, E., Komut, T., Erenoğlu, O. (2013). Monitoring of Landslides using Geomatics and Geophysical Methods: the First Findings from Sevketiye Landslide, Canakkale, NW Turkey. International Symposium on Modern Technologies, Education and Professional Practice in Geodesy and Related Fields, Sofia, Bulgaria, 8-9 Kasım 2013, pp. 1-15.

9. Erenoğlu, O., Erenoğlu, R.C., Akçay, Ö., (2015a). Geological and Geomorphological Characterizations of Landslides on the Coast of the Biga Peninsula (Çanakkale, NW Turkey). European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015, Wien, Austria, Vol.17, EGU2015-13290.
10. Erenoğlu, R.C., Akçay, Ö., Erenoğlu, O., (2015b). Estimating of Landslide by Repeated Gps/Gnss Measurements In The Ambaroba Region, Canakkale, Nw Turkey. International Symposium on Modern Technologies, Education and Professional Practice in Geodesy and Related Fields, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 202-213.
11. Erenoğlu, R.C., Akçay, Ö., Erenoğlu, O., (2015c). GNSS Assisted UAS based Monitoring of Ambaroba Landslide, Canakkale, NW Turkey. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015, Wien, Austria, Vol.17, EGU2015-12662.
12. Hungr, O., Evans, S.G., Bovis, M., Hutchinson, J.N. (2001). Review of the classification of landslides of the flow type. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 7(3), 221-238.
13. Hutchinson, J.N. (1968). Mass movement. In: Fairbridge, R.W. (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (pp. 688–696), Reinhold Book Corp., New York.
14. Ildır, B. (1995). Türkiye'de Heyelanların Dağılımı ve Afetler Yasası ile İlgili Uygulamalar. İkinci Ulusal Heyelan Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Sakarya Universitesi, pp. 1-9.
15. İzbırak, D. (1992). Coğrafi Terimler Sözlüğü. M.E.B. Yayınları, Ankara. 140 p.
16. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (2012). Türkiye Diri Fay Haritasi. Ölçek/Scale: 1/2.000.000.
17. Okay, A.İ., Siyako, M., Bürkan, K.A. (1990). Biga Yarımadası’nın jeolojisi ve tektonik evrimi, Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni, 2(1): 83-121.
18. Perinçek, D. (2018). Çanakkale Yöresi (KB Türkiye) Erenköy ve Güzelyalı fosil heyelanlarının jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik analizi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 61(3), 241 – 268.
19. Rib, H.T., Liang, T. (1978). Recognition and identification. In: Schuster, R.L., Krizek, R.J. (Eds.) Landslide Analysis and Control, National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board Special Report 176, (pp. 34–80), Washington.
20. Sfondrini, G. (1961). Surface Geological Report on AR/TGÜ/1/338 and 537 (Eceabat-Çanakkale areas). Turkish Gulf Oil Co. Ankara.
21. Siyako, M. Burkan, K.A., Okay A.I. (1989). Biga ve Gelibolu Yarımadaları tersiyer jeolojisi ve hidrokarbon olanaklari. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, 1, 183–199.
22. Türkeş, M., Erginal, A. E., Tatlı, H., Sarış, F. (2008). Ambaroba Köyü ve Çevresinde (Biga-Çanakkale) Heyelan Sorununun Çözümü, Kontrol ve Islahı Üzerine Bir Jeomorfoloji Araştırması. ÇOMÜ BAP Proje No: 2006/6, Çanakkale.
23. Türkeş, M, Erginal, E., Demirci, A., Ekinci, Y.L. (2011). Çanakkale Yöresi Ambaroba ve Mazılık Heyelanlarının Jeofiziksel, Klimatolojik ve Jeomorfolojik Analizi. Beşinci Atmosferik Bilimler Sempozyumu, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp. 461-474.
24. Varnes, D.J. (1978). Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster, R.L., Krizek, R.J. (Eds.) Landslide Analysis and Control, National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board Special Report 176, (pp. 11–33), Washington.
25. Varnes, D.J. (1984). Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Review of Principles and Practice. Commission of Landslides of the IAEG, UNESCO, Natural Hazards No 3, 61 p.
26. Yiğitbaş, E., Baba, A., Bozcu, M., Deniz, O., Kürçer, A., Kaya, M.A., Şengül, E., Ekinci, Y.L., Köse, K., (2005). Güzelyalı (Çanakkale) 27-J Paftası Kuzeydoğu Kesiminde Heyelan Etüd Raporu. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Döner Sermaye Projesi, 112 p.
27. Yiğitbaş, E. (2016). Jeolojik-Antropolojik Sebep-Sonuç İlişkileri Açısından Çanakkale Heyelanlarına Toplu Bakış.Çanakkale Heyelanları (pp. 1-16) Altın Kalem Yayınevi, Altın Kalem Yayınevi, Kocaeli.