Analysing Shipping Emissions of Turkish Ports in the Black Sea and Investigating Their Contributions to Black Sea Emissions

Abstract

The Black Sea is the crossroads for many nations and the economic interests of numerous countries. The ports in the Black Sea are the most important economic activity centres where the Black Sea countries carry out their import and export activities. In this paper, shipping emissions generated from ships visiting the 10 Turkish ports located in the Black Sea were estimated and their ratio in shipping emissions in the Black Sea region was evaluated. Total emissions from ships in the studied ports were estimated as 4.949 t y-1 for NOX, 280.498 t y-1 for CO2, 2.059 t y-1 for SO2, 197 t y-1 for VOC, 260 t y-1 for PM for 2018 based on ship activity-based method. General cargo and tanker ships were responsible for 92% of the total ship-borne emissions in the region, and chemicals, bulk carrier, passenger/ro-ro cargo, and other ships such as tugs, barge, multi-purpose ships, yachts, warships follow it. Emissions produced from ships were mainly emitted at cruising mode (84%), followed by hotelling mode (15%). The environmental cost of the port emissions for each pollutant was estimated as t was estimated as 61,5 million and 6.164 per ship call. Black Sea shipping emissions were 2,5% of the total international shipping emissions and shipping emissions from Turkish ports constitute 6-7% of PM, 14% of CO2, 6-14% of SO2, and 11-20% of NOX emissions of Black Sea emissions. The Black Sea region should be declared as an emission control area/sulphur emission control area to reduce shipping emissions. This is the first study to estimate Turkish port emissions in the Black Sea.

Keywords

• Black Sea
• emissions inventory
• environmental costs
• environmental pollution
• shipping emissions

References

1. Alver, F., Sarac, B.A. and Sahin, U.A. (2018). Estimating of shipping emissions in the Samsun Port from 2010-2015. Atmospheric Pollution Research 9 (2018) 822-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.02.003
2. Bayirhan, I., Mersin, K., Tokuşlu, A. and Gazioglu, C. (2019). Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Istanbul Strait. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO),6(3): 238-243. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.641397.
3. Berechman, J. and Tseng, P.H. (2010). Estimating the environmental costs of port related emissions: The case of Kaohsiung. Transportation Research Part D 17 (2012) 35–38. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2011.09.009.
4. Bickel, P. (2006). Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment. Deliverable 5: Proposal for Harmonised Guidelines. EU-funded project (contract no. FP6-2002-SSP- 1/502481), Germany.
5. Chiffi, F., Schrooten, E., De Vlieger, I. (2007). EX-TREMIS - Exploring non road Transport Emissions in Europe Final Report. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, DG-JRC, Seville, Spain.
6. Cofala, J., Amann, M., Heyes, C., Wagner, F., Klimont, Z., Posch, M., Schöpp, W., Tarasson, L., Jonson, J.E., Whall, C., Stavrakaki, A. (2007). Analysis of Policy Measures to Reduce Ship Emissions in the Context of the Revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directive Service Contract No 070501/2005/419589/MAR/C1, European Commission, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
7. Deniz, C., Kilic, A. and Cıvkaroglu, G. (2010). Estimation of shipping emissions in Candarli Gulf, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess (2010) 171:219–228, DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-1273-2.
8. European Communities (EC) (2005). Externalities of Energy Methodology 2005 Update, Office for official publications of the European Communities, web page: http://europa.eu.int, (Accessed 23 October 2020)

9. Entec (2002). Quantification of Emissions from Ships Associated with Ship Movements between Ports in the European Community, European Commission, Final Report, Northwich, UK.
10. Entec (2005). European Commission, Directorate General Environment Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instruments, Task 1-Preliminary Assignment of Ship Emissions to European Countries, Final Report.
11. Entec (2007). Ship Emissions Inventory Mediterranean Sea, Final Report for Concawe.
12. Fleetmon (2020). Vessel Movements, [online] https://www.fleetmon.com/ (Accessed 15 September 2020)
13. Florin, N. and Cosofret, D. (2013). Method for qualitative and quantitative determination of exhaust emissions from shipping and port activities in the Romanian Black Sea maritime area, Contract Research SPMD 157/2012, “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy, Constanţa.
14. Helbing, J. (2014). Increasing ports capacity in Turkey and the Black Sea region – will the container throughput continue to rise too? 3rd Black Sea Ports and Shipping, 3-4 September 2014. İstanbul.
15. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)(2007). Analysis of policy measures to reduce ship emissions in the context of the revision of the national emissions ceilings directive. IIASA Contract No. 06-107; 2007. Laxenburg, Austria.
16. Kilic, A. and Deniz, V. (2009). Inventory of Shipping Emissions in Izmit Gulf, Turkey. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Volume 29, Issue 2, (2009) https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10365.
17. Lavender, K., Reynolds, G., Webster, A. (2006). Emission inventory guidebook (p. 9). UK: Lloyds Register of Shipping.
18. Liu, T.K., Sheu, H.Y., Tsai, J.Y. (2014). Sulfur dioxide emission estimates from merchant vessels in a Port area and related control strategies. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 14, 413-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.02.0061.
19. Maragkogianni, A. and Papaefthimiou, S. (2015). Evaluating the social cost of cruise ships air emissions in major ports of Greece. Transportation Research Part D 36 (2015) 10-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.014
20. Mersin, K., Bayırhan, İ., Gazioğlu, C. (2019). Review of CO2 Emission and Reducing Methods in Maritime Transportation. Thermal Sciences, 1-8.
21. Ng, S.K.W., Loh, C., Lin, C., Booth, V., Chan, J.W.M., Yip, A.C.K., Li, Y., Lau, A.K.H. (2013). Policy change driven by an AIS-assisted marine emission inventory in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta. Atmos. Environ. 76, 102-112.
22. Nunes, R.A.O., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M., Martins, F.G., Sousa, S.I.V. (2017). Assessment of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal. Environmental Pollution, 231 (2017), 1370-1379, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.112.
23. Popa, C., Filorin, N. (2014). Shipping Air Pollution Assessment. Study Case on Constanta Port, 14th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2014.
24. Saraçoglu, H., Deniz, C., Kilic, A. (2013). An investigation on the effects of ship sourced emissions in Izmir port, Turkey. Sci. World J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/218324.
25. Song, S. (2014). Ship emissions inventory, social cost and eco-efficiency in Shanghai Yangshan port. Atmos. Environ. 82, (2014), pp. 288-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.006.
26. Şengonul, G., Esmer, S. (2016). Container transportation at the Black Sea: an evaluation of the ports in Turkey. Journal of Black Studies, Vol: 49: 131-140.
27. Tichavska, M. and Tovar, B. (2015). Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port. Transportation Research Part A 78 (2015) 347–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.021.
28. Tokuslu, A. (2019). Analysis of ship-borne air emissions in the Istanbul Strait and presenting its effects. PhD thesis, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
29. Tokuslu, A. (2020a). Estimating Exhaust Gas Emissions from Ships on Port of Zonguldak. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, Vol. 3(2): 49-55.
30. Tokuslu, A. (2020b). Assessing the Environmental Costs of Port Emissions: The Case of Trabzon Port. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, Vol. 15(2): 127-134.
31. Tokuslu, A., (2020c). Analyzing the Shipping Emissions in Port of Ereğli and Examining the Contribution of SOX Emissions Reduction to the Port Emissions. Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, Vol. 2(1): 23-33.
32. Tokuslu, A. (2020d). Creating an Inventory of Ship Emissions of the Port of Bartın and Calculating the Environmental Cost of Port Emissions. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3(4): 208-218.
33. Tokuslu, A., Bayirhan, I. and Gazioglu, C. (2020). Investigation the Effect of SOx Emission Reduction on Transit Ships Emissions as of January 1, 2020. Thermal Science, 24, 1, 149-155, https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI20S1149T
34. Tokuslu, A. (2021). Assessment of Environmental Costs of Ship Emissions; Study Case on the Samsun Port. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 20(5), 317-325
35. Tokuslu, A. and Burak, S. (2021). Examination of exhaust gas emissions of transit ships in the Istanbul Strait. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science, 9 (1): 59-67. Doi: 10.21541/apjes.705918
36. Turkish Directorate General of Coastal Safety (TDGCS) (2019). Port Statistics, web page: https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/istatistik_gemi.aspx, (Accessed 11 October 2020)
37. Tzannatos, E. (2010). Ship emissions and their externalities for the port of Piraeuse Greece. Atmos. Environ 44 400-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.024.
38. Yau, P.S., Lee, S.C., Corbett, J.J., Wang, C.F., Cheng, Y., Ho, K.F. (2012). Estimation of exhaust emission from ocean-going vessels in Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ. 431, 299-306.