The need for ecosystem-based coastal planning in Trabzon city

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 193 - 205, 01.11.2017

Mustafa Dikhan , Nilgün Güneroğlu , Abdülaziz Güneroğlu Fevzi Karslı

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.348791

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Coastal
urbanization problem was emanated from willingness of coastal living. Urban
sprawl is one of the most important coastal problems in Turkey as it is in
Trabzon city which is known for its natural and historical assets. In order to
ensure the sustainability and ecological continuity of the city, an ecosystem
based coastal planning is an issue of high priority. Protection and usage
balance of the coastal areas could also ensure transition of the natural values
to future generations. Trabzon city has been under severe urbanization problem
for the last 30 years due to migration from rural to coastal areas of the city.
It is thought that recently completed motorway and its service roads
accelerated the urbanization on coastal periphery. Therefore, the problem must
be resolved as soon as possible to achieve the good environmental status of the
coast in the city. Thus, as a solution, DPSIR framework was proposed for
systematic evaluation and documentation of the related critical issues by
starting with a questionnaire composed of open ended questions for
determination of major coastal problems in the city. As a step forward, the
problems are quantitatively investigated and confirmed by using remote sensing
techniques and census data compiled from TUIK databases. As a result major
drivers were defined as "coastal urbanization", "coastal land
filling" and "coastal transportation"   for the city of Trabzon. It is recommended
that single authority (composed of various specialists) must take the
responsibility of coastal planning in the region. Moreover, the rights of the
municipalities on the coastal zone must urgently be stopped by applying
continues independent monitoring. Finally, taxation and land owning policies
have to be revised on coastal areas to balance and encourage alternative city
planning strategies. 

Keywords

Coastal Zone, Ecology, Urbanization, Remote Sensing, Trabzon

References

• Acar, C. and Güneroğlu, N. (2009). A Study on Linear Plant Compositions' Functionality, Visuality and Species Diversity Assessment in Trabzon City. Ekoloji, 18, 65-73.
• Ahern, J. (1995). Greenways as a planning strategy. Landscape and Urban Planning, 33, 131-155.
• Akkaya, M., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z. Y., Burak, S. (1998). “Kıyı Alanlarının Rasyonel Kullanımı ve Yönetiminde Kamu Yararı İlkesi”, Türkiye Kıyıları 98, (Ed: Özhan, E.), METU, Ankara: 39-47, 22-25 September 1998.
• Alphan, H. and Çelik N. (2016). Monitoring changes in landscape pattern: use of Ikonos and Quickbird images. Environmental Monitoring and Assesment, 188 (81).
• Antrop, M. (2001). The language of landscape ecologists and planners: A comparative analysis of concepts used in landscape ecology. Landscape and Urban Planning, 55, 163-173.
• Antrop, M. (2005). Why landscapes of the past are important for the future, Landscape and Urban Planning. 70, 21-34.
• Arendt, R. (2004). Linked landscapes creating greenway corridors through conservation subdivision design strategies in the northeastern and central United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68: 241-269.
• Atkins, J.P. Burdon, D. Elliott, M. and Gregory A.J. (2011). Management of the marine environment: Integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR framework in a systems approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin , 62, 215-226.
• Borja, A., Galparsoro, I., Solaun, O., Muxika, I., Tello, E.M., Uriarte, A and Valencia, V. (2006). The European Water Framework Directive and the DPSIR. A methodological approach to assess the risk of failing to achieve good ecological status. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Sciences, 66, 84-96.
• Burak, S., Doğan, E. and Gazioğlu, C. (2004). Impact of urbanization and tourism on coastal environment. Ocean and Coastal Management, 47, 515-527.
• Cengiz, C. (2012). Ecological Landscape Planning, with a Focus on the Coastal Zone, Landscape Planning, Dr. Murat Ozyavuz (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0654-8, InTech.
• Chen LC, Rau JY (1998): Detection of shoreline changes for tideland areas using multi-temporal satellite images. Int. J. Remote Sensing 19: 3383-339.
• Council of Europe, (2000). The European Landscape Convention, Strasbourg CETSno: 176.
• Dihkan, M., Güneroğlu, N., Karsli, F., Güneroğlu, A. (2013). Remote sensing of tea plantations using an SVM classifier and pattern-based accuracy assessment technique. Int. J. Remote Sens., 34 (23), 8549-8565.
• Dronker, J. (2005). Dynamics of Coastal Systems. World Scientific Publishing, p.540.
• Duro D.C., Franklin S.E. and Dubé M.G. (2012). A Comparison of Pixel-Based and Object-Based Image Analysis with Selected Machine Learning Algorithms for the Classification of Agricultural Landscapes Using SPOT-5 HRG Imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, 259-272.
• Gazioğlu C, Yücel Y Z, Burak S., Okuş, E. and Alpar, B. (1997). Coastline change and inadequate management between Kilyos and Karaburun shoreline. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 3(2): 111–122.
• Gazioğlu, C., Akkaya, M.A., Baltaoğlu, S. and Burrak, S.Z. (2016). ICZM and the Sea of Marmara: The İstanbul Case. The Sea of Marmara: Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservations and Governance (Editors: Özsoy, E., Çağatay, M.N., Balkıs, N., Balkıs Çağlar, N., Öztürk, B.): 935-957.
• Güneroğlu, A.( 2015). Coastal changes and land use alteration on Northeastern part of Turkey. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 118, 225-233.
• Güneroğlu, N., Acar, C., Dihkan, M., Karsli, F. and Güneroğlu, A. (2013). Green corridors and fragmentation in south eastern Black Sea coastal landscape. Ocean. Coast.Manag., 83, 67-74.
• Güneroğlu, N., Acar, C., Güneroğlu, A., Dihkan, M. and Karsli, F. (2015). Coastal land degradation and character assessment of Southern Black Sea landscape, Ocean. Coast.Manag., 118, 282-289.
• Kadıoğlu, Y. (2011). Landuse and major issues of planning in city of Trabzon. Procedia Social and Behaivoral Sciences, 19, 354-362.
• Kannan R, Ramanamurthy MV and Kanungo A (2016): Shoreline Change Monitoring in Nellore Coast at East Coast Andhra Pradesh District Using Remote Sensing and GIS. . J Fisheries Livest Prod 4:161. doi:10.4172/2332-2608.1000161
• Kavzoğlu, T. and Çölkesen, I. (2009). A kernel functions analysis for support vector machines for land cover classification. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 11(5), 352–359.
• Lee, S.Y., Dunn, R.J.K., Young, R.A., Connoly, R.M., Dale, P.E.R., Dehayr, R., Lemckert, C.J., Mckinnon, S., Powell, B., Teasdale, P.R. and Welsh, D.T. (2006). Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function. Austral Ecology, 31, 149-163.
• Linehan, J., Gross, M. and Finn, J. (1995). Greenway planning: developing a landscape ecological network approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 33, 179-193.
• Mather, P.M. (2004). Computer Processing of Remotely-sensed Images: an Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. Moore LJ (2000): Shoreline mapping techniques. Journal of Coastal Research 16: 111-124.
• Nobre, A.M. (2011). Scientific approaches to address challenges in coastal management. Marine Ecology Progrees Series, 434, 279-289.
• OECD, 1993. OECD Core Set of Indicators for Environmental Performance Reviews. Environment Monographs, No.83.
• Özüdoğru, E. and Duygu, E. A. (2009). Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği ile Katılım Müzakereleri Sürecinde Natura 2000 Korunan Alanlar Ekolojik Ağı’nın Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 16-24.
• Pal, M. and Mather, P.M. (2005). Support vector machines for classification in remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(5), 1007-1011.
• Palmer, B.J., Hill, T.R., McGregor, G.K and Paterson, A.W. (2011). An Assessment of Coastal Development and Land Use Change Using the DPSIR Framework: Case Studies from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Coastal Management, 39, 158-174.
• Pantelic, J., Srdanovic, B. and Greene, M. (2007). Post Modern Urbanization and the Vulnerability of the Poor, Land and Urban Policies for Poverty Reduction, In Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium, Edited by Mila Freire ... [et al.]. Washington, DC: World Bank; Brasflia-Ipea.
• Pirrone, N., Trombino, G., Cinnirella, S., Algieri, A., Bendoricchio, G. and palmeri, L. (2005). The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach for integrated catchment-coastal zone management: preliminary application to the Po catchment-Adriatic Sea coastal zone system. Regional Environ Change, 5, 111–137.
• Rapport, D and Friend, A. (1979). Towards a Comprehensive Framework for Environmental Statistics: A Stress-Response Approach. Statistics Canada Catalogue 11-510. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
• Şeker D.Z., Tanık, A., Citil, E., Öztürk, İ., Övez, S. and Levet, T.B. (2016). Importance and Vulnerability Analyses for Functional Zoning in a Coastal District of Turkey, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), Vol:3(3):77-93.
• Simav, Ö., Şeker, D.Z., Tanık, A., Gazioğlu, C. (2015). Determining the endangered fields of Turkish coasts with coastal vulnerability index. Journal of Map, 153: 1-8.
• Stewart, P.L., Rutherford, R.J, Levy, H.A., and Jackson, J. M. (2003). Land Use Planning and Coastal Areas in the Maritime Provinces. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2443, 165 pp.
• URL1. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/nufus80app/idari.zul?yil=1965 (Accessed on; 20.04.2017)
• Vapnik, V.N. (2000). The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory, Second ed. Springer-Verlag, Newyork.
• Yüce H. and Gazioğlu C. (2006). Maritime Security Challenges Ahead in the Black Sea, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, Vol.12 (3): 233-250.