Yıl 2019, Cilt 6, Sayı 3, 238 - 243, 08.12.2019

İrşad BAYIRHAN Kadir MERSİN Aydın TOKUŞLU Cem GAZİOĞLU

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.641397

Cited By: 11

Öz

Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus)

Öz

In addition to being one of the largest metropolises in the world, Istanbul is also one of the busiest routes of international maritime transport through the Strait of Istanbul (SoI). Currently, the average number of ships which passes through SoI is approximately 45,000 per year. This number does not increase much due to the natural structure of SoI. So, larger ships with larger tonnages pass through SoI. In addition to the existing transit ship traffic in SoI, ship-based exhaust pollution caused by local maritime traffic adversely affects human health, comfort and the environment.

In this study, the exhaust emissions generated by the ships of the local companies transporting in SoI were investigated. In addition, exhaust emissions from ships, one of the most important air pollutant emission sources such as motor vehicles, industrial processes and heating of residences in Istanbul, were calculated and presented. Ship exhaust gas emissions in SoI were calculated based on actual ship movements and ship machinery information using the bottom up method.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Strait of Istanbul, Emission, Air pollution, Vessel Traffic, CO2

Kaynakça

• Aslan, O. and Akyürek, Ö. (2018). Spatial Modelling of Air Pollution from PM10 and SO2 concentrations during Winter Season in Marmara Region: 2013-2014. Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 5(1): 1-16.
• Borat, O., Kadı, I., Uslu, M. (1990). Istanbul'da emisyon Kaynaklarının Öncelikleri ve Motorlu Taşıt Emisyonlarının Kontrolü (Priority of the Emission Sources and Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions in Istanbul). Symposium on the Environmental Problems and their Solutions in Istanbul, Istanbul.
• Burak, S., Ünlü, S., Gazioğlu, C. (2009). Environmental stress created by chemical pollution in the Sea of Marmara (Turkey). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(4). 3166-3174.
• Corbett, J.J., Lack, D.A., Winebrake, J.J., Harder, S., Silberman, J.A., Gold. M. (2010). Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9689–9704.
• Çuhadaroğlu, B., Demirci, E. (1997). Influence of some meteorological factors on air pollution in Trabzon city. Energy and Buildings 25, 179–184.
• Demir, K.A. (2018). İstanbul Boğazı Yerel Deniz Trafiği Kaynaklı Egzoz Emisyonları Üzerine Değerlendirme. (MSc thesis). IU, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Deniz, C., Durmuşoğlu, Y. (2008). Estimating shipping emissions in the region of the sea of Marmara. Science of the Total Environment, 390, 255-261.
• Eyring, V., Isaksen, I.A.S., Berntsen, T., Collins, W.J., Corbett, J.J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R.G., Moldanova, J., Schlager, H., Stevenson, D.S. (2008). Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4735–4771.
• Eyring, V., Köhler, H.W., Lauer, A., Lemper. B. (2004). Emissions from international shipping: 2. Impact of future technologies on scenarios until 2050. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 17306.
• Gazioğlu C, Müftüoğlu AE., Demir V, Aksu A, Okutan V (2015) Connection between ocean acidification and sound propagation. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 2(2), 16–26.
• Gazioğlu, C. (2018). Biodiversity, Coastal Protection, Promotion and Applicability Investigation of the Ocean Health Index for Turkish Seas. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 5(3), 353- 367
• Gazioğlu, C., Okutan, V. (2016). Underwater Noise Pollution at SoI (Bosphorus). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 3 (3), 26-39.
• Gorji, T., Yıldırım, A., Sertel, E., Tanık, A. (2019). Remote sensing approaches and mapping methods for monitoring soil salinity under different climate regimes, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 6(1): 33-49.
• Günay, K., Çağlar, N., Aksu, A. (2018). Source identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of İstanbul, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 5(1), 53-67.
• Guttikunda, S.K., Gurjar, B.R. (2010). Role of meteorology in seasonality of air pollution in megacity Delhi, India. Environ. Monit. Assess 184, 3199-3211.
• ICCT. (2007). Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from ocean-going ships: impacts, mitigation options and opportunities for managing growth. Washington and San Francisco: ICCT.
• IPCC. (1996). The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. WMO/UNEP. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• IPCC. (2007). Summary for Policymakers In: Climate Change 2007. The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. Miller, H..L. (Eds.). Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Jalkanen, J.P., Johansson, L., Kukkonen, J. (2012). A comprehensive inventory of the ship traffic exhaust emissions in the Baltic Sea from 2006 to 2009. Kungl.
• Vetenskaps-Akademien. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, AMBIO, 43, 311–324.
• Jalkanen, J.P., Johansson, L., Kukkonen, J. (2014). A comprehensive inventory of ship traffic exhaust emissions in the European sea areas in 2011. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 71–84.
• Karaca, F., Anıl, I., Alagha, O. (2009). Long-range potential source contributions of episodic aerosol events to PM10 profile of a megacity. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 5713-5722.
• Kesgin, U., Vardar, V., (2001). A study on exhaust gas emissions from ships in Turkish Straits. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1863–1870.
• Kılıç, A., Deniz, C. (2010). Inventory of shipping emissions in Izmit Gulf, Turkey. Environmental Progres & Sustainable Energy, 29(2), 221-232.
• Kural, G., Çağlar Balkıs, N., Aksu, A. (2018). Source identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Istanbul, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 5(1): 53-67.
• Mersin, K., Bayırhan, İ., Gazioğlu, C. (2019). Review of CO2 Emission and Reducing Methods in Maritime Transportation, Thermal Sciences, 1-8.
• Qinbin, L., Jacob, D., Bey, I., Palmer, P., Duncan, B., Field, B., Martin, R., Fiore, A., Yantosca, R., Parrish, D., Simmonds, P., Oltmans S. (2002). Transatlantic transport of pollution and its effects on surface ozone in Europe and North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 13.
• Talapatra (2019). Thermodynamic and Kinetic Desorption Analysis on Direct Air Capture of CO2 Gas Using Moisture Swing Sorbent, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 6(2), 186-191.
• Tuna, G., Elbir, T. (2013). Kanal İstanbul Projesi Sonrası İstanbul Boğazı’nda Gemi Trafiğinden Kaynaklanan Hava Kalitesinde Beklenen Değişimlerin İncelenmesi. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1), 1-10.
• Turalıoğlu, F.S., Nuhoğlu, A., Bayraktar, H. (2005). Impacts of some meteorological parameters on SO2 and TSP concentrations in Erzurum, Turkey. Chemosphere, 59, 1633–1642.
• Ülker, D., Ergüven, O. Gazioğlu, C. (2018). Socioeconomic impacts in a Changing Climate: Case Study Syria. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 5(1), 84-93.
• Ünal, Y.S., Toros, H., Deniz, A., İncecik, S. (2011). Influence of meteorological factors and emission sources on spatial and temporal variations of PM10 concentrations in Istanbul metroplitan area. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 5504-5513.
• Viana, M., Hammingh, P., Colette, A., Querol, X., Degraeuwe, B., Vlieger, I., Aardenne, J.V. (2014). Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 90, 96-105.
• Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2004). Harboring pollution strategies to clean up U.S.Ports. New York: NRDC.