Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 350 - 358, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.887540

Öz

Kaynakça

  • ACIA. (2004). Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Aksenov, Y., Popova, E., Yool, A., Nurser, A., Williams, T., Bertino, L., & Bergh, J. (2017). On The Future Navigability of Arctic Sea Routes: High-Resolution Projections of The Arctic Ocean and Sea Ice. Marine Policy, 75, 300-317.
  • AMAP. (1998). AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway.
  • AMAP. (2017). Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • AMAP. (2019). AMAP Climate Change Update 2019: An Update to Key Findings of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • The Arctic region (2021). Map (Figure 1). Retrieved (26 January 2021) from https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik_Okyanusu Ayrault, J. M. (2016). The Great Challenge of the Arctic National Roadmap for the Arctic, Paris: Press and Communication Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development of France.
  • Chater, A. and Greaves, W. (2014). Security Governance in the Arctic. In Jim Sperling (Ed.), Handbook on Governance and Security, Edward Elgar Publishing, p.123-147.
  • Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Hausfather, Z., & Trenberth, K. (2019). How fast are the oceans warming? Science, 363(6423), p.128-129.
  • Commission of the European Communities (2007). An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union, Retrieved (04 March 2019) from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0575:FIN:EN:PDF Desjardins, J. (2016). The Energy and mineral riches of the Arctic. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-and-mineral-riches-of-the-arctic
  • Duggan, J. (2021) Inside the "doomsday" vault, TIME, Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://time.com/doomsday-vault/
  • Erol, D., Çankaya, F.E., Çelik, B.B. (2021). Future of the commercial Arctic shipping and economic & environmental effects of starting to use of Northern sea route, Piri Reis University Graduate Thesis.
  • Eurasian Geopolitics, Walker, E.D. (2021). Arctic Shipping Routes Map, University of California, Berkeley, Retrieved (11 February 2021) from https://eurasiangeopolitics.com/arctic-maps/
  • European Commission. Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. (2012). Blue Growth: opportunities for marine and maritime sustainable growth: communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fondahl, G., & Sirina, A. (2006). Oil pipeline development and indigenous rights in eastern Siberia. Indigenous Affairs, (2-3), 58-67.
  • Gautier, D. L., Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D. W., Klett, T. R., et al. (2009). Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic. Science, 324(5931), 1175-1179.
  • German Arctic Office (2020). Arctic and Antarctic-more differences than similarities? Fact Sheet, Alfred- Wegener Institut, Retrieved (11 February 2021) from https://www.awi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/AWI/Ueber_uns/Publikation/Dateien_Printprodukte/FactSheet_Arktis-Antarktis_Englisch_web.pdf
  • German Arctic Office (2020). Shipping in the Arctic, Fact Sheet, Alfred- Wegener Institut, Retrieved (15 February 2021) from https://www.arctic-office.de/fileadmin/user_upload/www.arcticoffice.de/PDF_uploads/FactSheet_Shipping.pdf.
  • Greaves, W. W. J. (2016). Constructing In/Security in the Arctic: Polar Politics, Indigenous Peoples, and Environmental Change in Canada and Norway (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Ho, J. (2010). The implications of Arctic Sea ice decline on shipping. Marine Policy, 34(3), 713-715.
  • Huebert, R., Exner-Pirot, H., Lajeunesse, A., and Gulledge, J. (2012). Climate Change and International Security: The Arctic as Bellwether. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Arlington, Virginia.
  • Kaltenborn, B.P., Østreng, W., Hovelsrud, G.K. (2019). Change will be the constant – future environmental policy and governance challenges in Svalbard. Polar Geography, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Kocatürk, U. (1983). Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Kronolojisi 1918-1938, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Lasserre, F. (2014). Case studies of shipping along Arctic routes. Analysis and profitability perspectives for the container sector. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 66, p.144-161.
  • Lindholt, L. (2006). Arctic Natural Resources in a Global Perspective. The Economy of the North. (eds.: S. Glomsrød & I. Aslaksen). Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.ssb.no/a/english/publikasjoner/pdf/sa84_en/sa84_en.pdf
  • Lindstad, H., Bright, R., & Strømman, A. (2016). Economic savings linked to future Arctic shipping trade are at odds with climate change mitigation. Transport Policy, 45, 24-30.
  • Liu, N. (2021). China and one hundred years of the Svalbard Treaty: Past, present, and future, Marine Policy, 124 104354.
  • Mazo, J. (2014). Who Owns the North Pole? Survival, Global Politics and Strategy, Volume 56, 2014 - Issue 1, p.61-70. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00396338.2014.882152
  • Misund, O. A., Aksnes, D. W., Christiansen, H.H. & Arlov, T.B. (2017). A Norwegian Pillar in Svalbard: The Development of the University Centre in Svalbard. Cambridge University Press.
  • National Snow & Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (2021). All About Arctic Climatology and Meteorology, NSIDC, Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/arctic.html
  • Ocean Routes (2021). Map (Figure 3), Retrieved (30 January 2021) from http://www.mucerret.com/yazarlar/gelecegin-ortadogusu-arktik/ (Access: 26.01.2021)
  • Ostenso, N.A. (2021). Definition: Arctic Ocean. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.britannica.com/place/Arctic-Ocean.
  • Polish Polar Station Hornsund (2020). Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://hornsund.igf.edu.pl/about-the-station/scope-of-research/ .
  • Ragner, C. L. (2008). Den norra sjövägen. In T. Hallberg (Ed.), Barents – ett gränsland i Norden (pp. 114-127). Stockholm: Arena Norden. English translation: The Northern Sea Route (pp. 1-8). Retrieved (04.25.12) from, http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/clr-norden-nsren.PDF
  • Riddell-Dixon, E. (2008). Canada and Arctic politics: the continental shelf extension. Ocean Development & International Law, 39(4), 343-359.
  • Royal Ministry of Justice (1988). The Spitsbergen Treaty, det kongelige justis-og politide partement Oslo. Retrieved (6 February 2021) from https://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19250717-011-eng.pdf .
  • Selin, H. and Mann, . M.E. (2021). Global warming. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.britannica.com/science/global-warming
  • Serreze, M. C. & Barry, R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global and Planetary Change, 77 (1-2), pp. 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004.
  • Seval, H. (2019). Arktik bölgede uluslararası siyasi düzen: teorik bir yaklaşım. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 21. Yüzyıl Siyasetinde Kutuplar, 1-24.
  • Southcott, C. & Heininen, L. Eds. (2010). Globalization and The Circumpolar North. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. Spitsbergen-svalbard.com (2021). The Spitsbergen Treaty, retrieved (05 February 2021) from https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history/the-spitsbergentreaty.html
  • Svalbard Global Seed Vault (2021). 2020 Annual Brief, Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://www.seedvault.no/files/2021/02/SGSV-2020-Annual-brief-8feb.pdf
  • Svalbard Science Forum (SSF) (2020). Research communities. Retrieved (29 January 2021) from https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/.
  • The Research Council of Norway (RCN) (2019). Ny-Ålesund Research Station Research Strategy. Retrieved (10 February 2021) from https://www.uio.no/forskning/tverrfak/nordomradene/ny-alesund-research-station-research-strategy.pdf
  • United Nations (2009). State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, ST/ESA/328, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP/en/SOWIP_web.pdf.
  • USGS (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and gas North of Arctic Circle, Fact Sheet 2008–3049, Retrieved (22 February 2021) from https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1824
  • Yumashev, D., van Hussen, K., Gille, J., & Whiteman, G. (2017). Towards A Balanced View Of Arctic Shipping: Estimating Economic Impacts Of Emissions From Increased Traffic on The Northern Sea Route. Climatic Change, 143: 143-155. DOI 10.1007/s10584-017-1980-6. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317768728_Towards_a_balanced_view_of_Arctic_shipping_estimating_economic_impacts_of_emissions_from_increased_traffic_on_the_Northern_Sea_Route.
  • Zhang, Y., Meng, Q., & Zhang, L. (2016). Is the Northern Sea Route Attractive To Shipping Companies? Some Insights From Recent Ship Traffic Data. Marine Policy, 73, p.53-60.

Turkey's Interest in the Arctic Region: the Possible Effects of being a Party to the Svalbard Treaty

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 350 - 358, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.887540

Öz

The Arctic Ocean's becoming open wider to international navigation for most of the time in parallel with global warming has attracted the attention of the world to this region. As the Covid-19 pandemic reveals the necessity to deliver products to the global market as quickly as possible, the possibility of intense use of the Arctic Ocean is increasing. This study aims to emphasize the increasing importance of the Arctic region from a maritime economics perspective and on the other hand to discuss the possible effects of being a party for Turkey to the Svalbard (originally Spitsbergen) Treaty. It is expected that the increase in global temperatures will result in important outcomes in the region especially regarding the new emerging navigational routes and sharing of the natural resources in the region. Analysis has been made on the impact of new security concerns on the sustainable maritime economy likely to arise in the Arctic region. As a result, the importance of mutual international efforts to maintain stability was emphasized and the importance of being a party to the Svalbard Treaty for Turkey was highlighted.

Kaynakça

  • ACIA. (2004). Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Aksenov, Y., Popova, E., Yool, A., Nurser, A., Williams, T., Bertino, L., & Bergh, J. (2017). On The Future Navigability of Arctic Sea Routes: High-Resolution Projections of The Arctic Ocean and Sea Ice. Marine Policy, 75, 300-317.
  • AMAP. (1998). AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway.
  • AMAP. (2017). Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • AMAP. (2019). AMAP Climate Change Update 2019: An Update to Key Findings of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • The Arctic region (2021). Map (Figure 1). Retrieved (26 January 2021) from https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktik_Okyanusu Ayrault, J. M. (2016). The Great Challenge of the Arctic National Roadmap for the Arctic, Paris: Press and Communication Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development of France.
  • Chater, A. and Greaves, W. (2014). Security Governance in the Arctic. In Jim Sperling (Ed.), Handbook on Governance and Security, Edward Elgar Publishing, p.123-147.
  • Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Hausfather, Z., & Trenberth, K. (2019). How fast are the oceans warming? Science, 363(6423), p.128-129.
  • Commission of the European Communities (2007). An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union, Retrieved (04 March 2019) from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0575:FIN:EN:PDF Desjardins, J. (2016). The Energy and mineral riches of the Arctic. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-and-mineral-riches-of-the-arctic
  • Duggan, J. (2021) Inside the "doomsday" vault, TIME, Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://time.com/doomsday-vault/
  • Erol, D., Çankaya, F.E., Çelik, B.B. (2021). Future of the commercial Arctic shipping and economic & environmental effects of starting to use of Northern sea route, Piri Reis University Graduate Thesis.
  • Eurasian Geopolitics, Walker, E.D. (2021). Arctic Shipping Routes Map, University of California, Berkeley, Retrieved (11 February 2021) from https://eurasiangeopolitics.com/arctic-maps/
  • European Commission. Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. (2012). Blue Growth: opportunities for marine and maritime sustainable growth: communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fondahl, G., & Sirina, A. (2006). Oil pipeline development and indigenous rights in eastern Siberia. Indigenous Affairs, (2-3), 58-67.
  • Gautier, D. L., Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D. W., Klett, T. R., et al. (2009). Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic. Science, 324(5931), 1175-1179.
  • German Arctic Office (2020). Arctic and Antarctic-more differences than similarities? Fact Sheet, Alfred- Wegener Institut, Retrieved (11 February 2021) from https://www.awi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/AWI/Ueber_uns/Publikation/Dateien_Printprodukte/FactSheet_Arktis-Antarktis_Englisch_web.pdf
  • German Arctic Office (2020). Shipping in the Arctic, Fact Sheet, Alfred- Wegener Institut, Retrieved (15 February 2021) from https://www.arctic-office.de/fileadmin/user_upload/www.arcticoffice.de/PDF_uploads/FactSheet_Shipping.pdf.
  • Greaves, W. W. J. (2016). Constructing In/Security in the Arctic: Polar Politics, Indigenous Peoples, and Environmental Change in Canada and Norway (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Ho, J. (2010). The implications of Arctic Sea ice decline on shipping. Marine Policy, 34(3), 713-715.
  • Huebert, R., Exner-Pirot, H., Lajeunesse, A., and Gulledge, J. (2012). Climate Change and International Security: The Arctic as Bellwether. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Arlington, Virginia.
  • Kaltenborn, B.P., Østreng, W., Hovelsrud, G.K. (2019). Change will be the constant – future environmental policy and governance challenges in Svalbard. Polar Geography, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Kocatürk, U. (1983). Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Kronolojisi 1918-1938, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Lasserre, F. (2014). Case studies of shipping along Arctic routes. Analysis and profitability perspectives for the container sector. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 66, p.144-161.
  • Lindholt, L. (2006). Arctic Natural Resources in a Global Perspective. The Economy of the North. (eds.: S. Glomsrød & I. Aslaksen). Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.ssb.no/a/english/publikasjoner/pdf/sa84_en/sa84_en.pdf
  • Lindstad, H., Bright, R., & Strømman, A. (2016). Economic savings linked to future Arctic shipping trade are at odds with climate change mitigation. Transport Policy, 45, 24-30.
  • Liu, N. (2021). China and one hundred years of the Svalbard Treaty: Past, present, and future, Marine Policy, 124 104354.
  • Mazo, J. (2014). Who Owns the North Pole? Survival, Global Politics and Strategy, Volume 56, 2014 - Issue 1, p.61-70. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00396338.2014.882152
  • Misund, O. A., Aksnes, D. W., Christiansen, H.H. & Arlov, T.B. (2017). A Norwegian Pillar in Svalbard: The Development of the University Centre in Svalbard. Cambridge University Press.
  • National Snow & Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (2021). All About Arctic Climatology and Meteorology, NSIDC, Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/arctic.html
  • Ocean Routes (2021). Map (Figure 3), Retrieved (30 January 2021) from http://www.mucerret.com/yazarlar/gelecegin-ortadogusu-arktik/ (Access: 26.01.2021)
  • Ostenso, N.A. (2021). Definition: Arctic Ocean. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.britannica.com/place/Arctic-Ocean.
  • Polish Polar Station Hornsund (2020). Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://hornsund.igf.edu.pl/about-the-station/scope-of-research/ .
  • Ragner, C. L. (2008). Den norra sjövägen. In T. Hallberg (Ed.), Barents – ett gränsland i Norden (pp. 114-127). Stockholm: Arena Norden. English translation: The Northern Sea Route (pp. 1-8). Retrieved (04.25.12) from, http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/clr-norden-nsren.PDF
  • Riddell-Dixon, E. (2008). Canada and Arctic politics: the continental shelf extension. Ocean Development & International Law, 39(4), 343-359.
  • Royal Ministry of Justice (1988). The Spitsbergen Treaty, det kongelige justis-og politide partement Oslo. Retrieved (6 February 2021) from https://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19250717-011-eng.pdf .
  • Selin, H. and Mann, . M.E. (2021). Global warming. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.britannica.com/science/global-warming
  • Serreze, M. C. & Barry, R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global and Planetary Change, 77 (1-2), pp. 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004.
  • Seval, H. (2019). Arktik bölgede uluslararası siyasi düzen: teorik bir yaklaşım. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 21. Yüzyıl Siyasetinde Kutuplar, 1-24.
  • Southcott, C. & Heininen, L. Eds. (2010). Globalization and The Circumpolar North. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. Spitsbergen-svalbard.com (2021). The Spitsbergen Treaty, retrieved (05 February 2021) from https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history/the-spitsbergentreaty.html
  • Svalbard Global Seed Vault (2021). 2020 Annual Brief, Retrieved (18 February 2021) from https://www.seedvault.no/files/2021/02/SGSV-2020-Annual-brief-8feb.pdf
  • Svalbard Science Forum (SSF) (2020). Research communities. Retrieved (29 January 2021) from https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/.
  • The Research Council of Norway (RCN) (2019). Ny-Ålesund Research Station Research Strategy. Retrieved (10 February 2021) from https://www.uio.no/forskning/tverrfak/nordomradene/ny-alesund-research-station-research-strategy.pdf
  • United Nations (2009). State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, ST/ESA/328, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP/en/SOWIP_web.pdf.
  • USGS (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and gas North of Arctic Circle, Fact Sheet 2008–3049, Retrieved (22 February 2021) from https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1824
  • Yumashev, D., van Hussen, K., Gille, J., & Whiteman, G. (2017). Towards A Balanced View Of Arctic Shipping: Estimating Economic Impacts Of Emissions From Increased Traffic on The Northern Sea Route. Climatic Change, 143: 143-155. DOI 10.1007/s10584-017-1980-6. Retrieved (31 January 2021) from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317768728_Towards_a_balanced_view_of_Arctic_shipping_estimating_economic_impacts_of_emissions_from_increased_traffic_on_the_Northern_Sea_Route.
  • Zhang, Y., Meng, Q., & Zhang, L. (2016). Is the Northern Sea Route Attractive To Shipping Companies? Some Insights From Recent Ship Traffic Data. Marine Policy, 73, p.53-60.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Oktay Çetin 0000-0002-5899-8921

Yaşar Barbaros Büyüksağnak 0000-0003-1951-2121

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, O., & Büyüksağnak, Y. B. (2021). Turkey’s Interest in the Arctic Region: the Possible Effects of being a Party to the Svalbard Treaty. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(3), 350-358. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.887540