Ecosystem Based Management Approach for Sea Water Management: Existing Situation in Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 146 - 160, 02.06.2022

Ömer Eyüboğlu Huri Eyuboglu

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1036013

Öz

The overall aim of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is to achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) within the marine environment. Turkey is in the process of using/developing an Ecosystems-Based Management approach for governance of its marine waters, based on the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The legislative history, conceptual approach, structure and content of the Directive, as well as some of its unique regulatory features are discussed here. The implementation of the MSFD represents a demanding task in the integrative assessment of marine ecosystems. Here we describe the implementation process, and we discuss the institutional framework and the main difficulties and challenges encountered so far, with emphasis on the Turkey context. This paper will provide a review of the existing institutional and legislative structure in Turkey relevant to the future implementation of the MSFD. Over the years Turkey has developed a robust body of Environment Law in general and a complicated institutional structure. One of the key priority elements for a successful implementation of the MSFD is the establishment of an effective framework for coordination and cooperation among national, regional and local authorities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecosystem Approach, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Regional Seas Conventions

Kaynakça

• Atkins, J.P., Burdon, D., Elliott, M., Gregory, A.J. (2011). Management of the marine environment: integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR framework in a systems approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(2), 215-226.
• Avaz, G. (2017). Updating the National Action Plan for Protecting Marine Environment Against Land Based Sources Project. CTUE 5168703,Report No. CTUE. 13.155(Final Report).December 2017, Gebze-Kocaeli.
• Barnes R., Metcalf D. (2010). Current Legal Developments – The European Union: The Marine Strategy Framework Directive. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 25 (1), 81-91.
• Başak Dessane, E. (2017): Benefits and Costs of Environmental and Natural Resources- Examples from Turkey, Workshop on Economic and Social Analysis and Programmes of Measures in accordance with the MSFD: 10–14 July 2017, Bolu.
• Beken, C. (2017): How marine monitoring is divided between different institutions, Workshop on Environmental Targets and Monitoring requirements of the MSFD: 22-26 May 2017, Bodrum, Muğla.
• Beken, C., Aydöner, C., Ediger, D., Hüsrevoğlu, S., Mantıkçı, M., Aydöner, C., Olgun, A., Sözer, B., Tan, İ., Karakoç, F.,Tolun,L., Tutak, B., Tüfekçi, H., Tüfekçi, V.( 2014). Marine and Coastal Waters Quality Determination and Classification Project (DeKoS Project). CTUE 5118703, Report No. CTUE.13.155 (Final Report), February 2014, Gebze-Kocaeli.
• Beken, C., Kıdeyş, A., Beşiktepe,S., Yüksek, A. (2013). Good Environmental Status of Definition and Goals in Turkey Marines. -Coastal Management in Turkey: Recent Developments in National Workshop, 17 May 2013, Marmaris, Muğla.
• Bellas,J.(2014). The implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Shortcomings and limitations from the Spanish point of view. Marine Policy, 50(1), 10-17.
• Berg, T., Fürhaupter, K., Teixeria, H., Uusitalo,L., Zampoukas,N. (2015). The Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the ecosystem-based approach – pitfalls and solutions, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 96(1-2), 18-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.050.
• Bertrama, C., Dworak,T., Görlitz, S., Interwies, E., Rehdanz, K. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis in the context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive: The case of Germany. Marine Policy, 43,307-312.
• Borja, A., Elliott, M., Carstensen, J., Heiskanen,A.S., Bund,W. ( 2010). Marine management – Towards an integrated implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework and the Water Framework Directives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(12), 2175-2186.
• Casazza, G., Lopez Y Royo, C., Dalu, M., S,Accomandı F., Spada E., Sılvestrı C. (2007). Recent policies tools for ecological evaluation of Mediterranean Sea. Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, Alexandria, Egypt.
• Conventıon On Bıologıcal Dıversıty (2000). Convention On Biological Diversity United Nations. Retrieved August 3, 2017 from Online At: Www.Cbdint / Doc / Legal / Cbd-Tr.Pdf.
• Craglia, M., Bigagli, M. & Smith R.S. (2010). SEIS‐BASIS Analysis of Monitoring Requirements of the Environmental Acquis: Water Protection and Management. Administrative Arrangement between DG‐ Environment and Joint Research Centre‐ Institute for Environment and Sustainability.
• Criese, A., Kaberi, H., Ruiz,J., Zatsepin, A., Arashkevich,E., Giani, M., Karageorgis,A.P., Prieto,L., Pantazi, M., Gonzales-Fernandes,D., Ribera,M., Tornero,V.,Vassilopoulou,V., Durrieu de Madron,X., Guieu,C., Puig,P., Zenetos,A., Andral, B., Papathanassiou,E. (2015). MSFD complementary approach for the assessment of pressures, knowledge and data gaps in Southern European Seas: The PERSEUS experience. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 95(1), 28-39. doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.024
• Elge, M. (2017). Turkish National Marine Research Strategy and The Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, Workshop on Turkey’s Legal and Institutional Framework in Relation to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, 23-27 January 2017, İzmir.
• European Commission [EC] (2008). European Commission. Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008, establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive). Official J. Eur. Union, L164: 19– 40.
• European Commission [EC] (1992). Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.
• European Commission [EC] (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European parliament and of the council, of 23 October 2000, establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities, G.U.C.E. 22/12/2000, L 327.
• European Commission [EC] (2009). Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds.
• European Commission [EC] (2010). Commission Decision 2010/477/EU of 1 September 2010 on criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. Brussels: Official J. Eur. Union, L232, 14– 24.
• European Commission [EC] (2011). Common Understanding of (Initial) Assessment, Determination of Good Environmental Status (GES) and Establishment of Environmental Targets (Art. 8, 9 & 10 MSFD). EuropeanCommission, Brussels. In CIRCABC - EC - Marine Strategy - Library: A-Documents: A2-Guidance Documents, GD n. 01.
• European Commission [EC] (2014). (COM(2014) 97 final). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament: The first phase of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC), The European Commission’s assessment and guidance.
• European Commission [EC] (2017). Commission Decision (EU) 2017/848 of 17 May 2017 laying down criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters and specifications and standardised methods for monitoring and assessment, and repealing Decision 2010/477/EU.
• Giakoumis,T., Voulvoulis, N. (2019). Water Framework Directive programmes of measures: Lessons from the 1st planning cycle of a catchment in England. Science of The Total Environment, 668, 903-916. doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.405
• Hoeya,G.V.,Borja,A.,Birchenough,S., Mortensen,L.B., Degraer,S., Fleischere,D., Kerckhof,F., Magni,P., Muxika,I.,Reiss,H., Schröder,A., Zettler,M.L.(2010). The use of benthic indicators in Europe: From the Water Framework Directive to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(12), 2187-2196. doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul .2010.09.015
• Holzwarth, F., Leujak, W., Arle, J., Claussen, U. (2009). Implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) in Germany - Moving towards an assessment framework for “good environmental status”. Conference: Progress in Marine Conservation in Europe 2009. Pages, 199-210. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication
• Hoof, L.V., Hendriksen, A., Bloomfield, H.J. ( 2014). Sometimes you cannot make it on your own; drivers and scenarios for regional cooperation in implementing the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Marine Policy, 50, 39-346. doi.10.1016/j.marpol.2014.03.031
• Kocaman, I. ( 2017). The Results Obtained with the Economic Analysis of the Use of Sea Water in Turkey, Workshop on Economic and Social Analysis and Programmes of Measures in accordance with the MSFD, 10 – 14 July 2017, Bolu
• Leeuwen, J.V., Raakjaer, J., Hoof, L.V., Tatenhove, J.V., Long,R., Ounanian,K. (2014). Implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: A policy perspective on regulatory, institutional and stakeholder impediments to effective implementation. Marine Policy, 50, 325-330. doi.10.1016/j.marpol.2014.03.004
• Long, R. (2011). The Marine Strategy Framework Directive: A New European Approach to the Regulation of the Marine Environment, Marine Natural Resources and Marine Ecological Services. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 29(1), 1-44. doi.10.1080/02646811.2011.1143525
• Lyon, B.P.,Thain, J.E., Stentiford, G.D., Hylland, K., Davies, I.M., Vethaak, A.D. ( 2010). Using biological effects tools to define Good Environmental Status under the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 1647–165. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.005
• Marcus, T., Schlake S., Maier N. (2011). Legal implementation of integrated ocean policies: the EU's Marine Strategy Framework Directive. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 26, 59-90. doi:10.1163/157180811X541404
• Marine Monitoring Guidelines [MMG] (2017). Deniz İzleme Kılavuzları
• MARinTURK (2017). TR2011/0327.21.06.01 numbered "Marine Strategy Framework Directive Capacity Building Project in Turkey”
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [MEA] (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington (DC) Island Press.
• National Marine Research Program [NMRP] (2017). Gemi İstatistikleri
• Oral, N. (2017). The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive on the implementation of existing legislation in Turkey and corporate due diligence and gaps. Workshop on Turkey’s Legal and Institutional Framework in Relation to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, İzmir.
• Semeniene, D. (2017). Requirements of Economic and Social Analysis in accordance with the MSFD and Approaches Recommended. Workshop on Economic and Social Analysis and Programmes of Measures in accordance with the MSFD, 10–14 July 2017, Bolu.
• Walmsley, S.F., Weiss, A., Claussen, U., Connor, D. (2017). Guidance on assessments under Article 8 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Integration of evaluation results. Report No. 2733 prepared by ABPmer for the European Commission Directorate General for Environment February 2017.
• Zampoukas N, Piha H, Bigagli E, Hoepffner N, Hanke G, Cardoso AC. ( 2012). Monitoring for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Requirements and options. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports.
• Zampoukas N, Piha H, Bigagli E, Hoepffner N, Hanke G, Cardoso AC. (2013). Marine monitoring in the European Union: How to fulfill the requirements for the marine strategy framework directive in an efficient and integrated way. Marine Policy, 39, 349-351.
• Zampoukas, N., Palialexis, A., Duffek, A., Graveland, J., Giorgi, G., Hagebro, C., Hanke, G., Korpinen, S., Tasker, M., Tornero , V., Abaza, V., Battaglia, P., Caparis, M., Dekeling, R., Frias Vega, M., Haarich, M., Katsanevakis, S., Klein, H., Krzyminski, W., Laamanen, M., Le Gac, J.C., Leppanen, J.M., Lips, U., Maes, T., Magaletti, E., Malcolm, S., Marques, J.M., Mihail, O., Moxon, R. (2014). JRC Scientific and Policy Reports Technical guidance on monitoring for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. EC-, Report EUR 26499 EN.