Physicochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Groundwater along the Banks of Malir River in Karachi, Pakistan

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 37 - 52, 15.12.2020

Syed Faraz Alı Adnan Khan

Öz

The main objective of this study is to assess the groundwater quality beneath urban settlements along banks of Malir River in Karachi, which is major drainage of Karachi to transport domestic and industrial wastewater into the Arabian Sea. Due to discharging untreated domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, it has become highly polluted with undesired contents which may also cause an adverse impact on the quality of shallow groundwater along the banks. For this purpose, 20 and 24 groundwater samples each from Right Bank (RB) and Left Bank (LB) of Malir River were collected boring wells at various depths (12-300ft). The samples were analysed to determine physical (pH, ORP, total dissolve solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, alkalinity, salinity, specific gravity, temperature, taste, colour and odour) and chemical parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, HCO3- and F-). Besides, Iron (as minor element) and faecal coliforms were estimated. Data revealed that groundwater salinity is very high along both banks of Malir River which varied in the order of Right bank (mean TDS=8983 mg/L) > Left bank (mean TDS=3163 mg/L). The groundwater from both banks was found contaminated, where the RB was found more polluted as compared to LB of Malir River. Microbiological analysis revealed that 50 and 60% samples each from RB and LB have pathogenic bacterial occurrence, which suggests that sewage infiltration is common in groundwater of study area. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed five significant factors, which indicate that the both natural and anthropogenic factors are responsible to alter the groundwater characteristics of study area. It is concluded that the groundwater along Malir River on both banks is unfit for drinking purpose, and the situation is worst towards the right bank.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Groundwater, Malir River, River bank, Drinking quality, Contamination

Kaynakça

• Anawar, H.M., Tareq, S.M., Ahmed, G., 2013. Is organic matter a source or redox driver or both for arsenic release in groundwater. Physics and Chemistry of The Earth 58-60, 49-56.
• Atlas, R.M., 1981. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon: an environmental perspective. Microbiological Reviews 45, 180-209.
• Babu, P., Linga, P., Kumar, R., Englezos, P., 2015. A review of the hydrate-based gas separation (HBGS) process for carbon dioxide pre-combustion capture. Energy 85, 261-279.
• Banning, R.O.B., 2010. Analysis the groundwater and surface water interactions in the Arikaree river basin of Eastern Colorado. MS Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Colorado State University.
• Bhatnagar, P. D., 1999. Study of hardness of water due to the presence of high dissolved minerals calcium and magnesium. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 15, 209.
• Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, D., Jacks, G., 1997. Occurrence of As-contaminated groundwater in alluvial aquifers from the Delta Plains, Eastern India: Options for safe drinking water supply. Water Resources Development 13, 79-92.
• Blount, C.W., Dickson., F.W., 1973. Gypsum-anhydrite equilibria in systems CaSO4, H20 and CaCO3@- NaCI-H20. American Mineralogist 58, 323-331.
• Canters, K.J., 1997. Habitat Fragmentation and Infrastructure; Proceedings of the International Conference on Habitat Fragmentation. Infrastructure and the Role of Ecological Engineering, 17-21 September 1995, Maastricht and The Hague, The Netherlands. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Delft, The Netherlands.
• CGWB, 1995. Annual report and other related reports on ground water quality, Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi.
• Christensen, T.H., Bjerg, P.L., Banwart, S.A., Jakobsen, R., Heron, G., Albrechtsen, H.J., 2000. Characterization of redox condition in groundwater contaminant plumes. Journal of Contaminant hydrology 45, 165-241.
• Cigna, A., 1985. Some Remarks on Phase Equilibria of Evaporites and other Karstifiable Rocks. Le Grotte d'ltalia (4) XXII, 1984-1985. 201-208.
• Cocchetto, D.M., Levy, G., 1981. Absorption of orally administered sodium sulphate in humans. Journal of Pharma-ceutical Sciences 70, 331-333.
• Cole, A.A., Smecker-Hane, T.A., Tolstoy, E., Bosler, T.L., Gallagher, J.S., 2004. The effects of age on red giant metallicities derived from the near-infrared Ca II triplet. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 347, 367-379.
• Cole, J.M., Ryan, M.C., Smith, S., Bethune, D., 2005. Arsenic Source & Fate at a Village Drinking Water Supply in Mexico & Its Relationship to Sewage Contamination. Natural Arsenic in Groundwater; Occurrence, Remediation & Management. Bundschuh, Bhattacharya and Chandrasekharam (eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London.
• Davis, S.N., DeWiest., R.J.M., 1996. Hydrogeology. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
• Deshpande, S.M., Aher, K.R., 2012. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agriculture use in Parts of Vaijapur, District Aurangabad, MS, India. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences 2, 25-31.
• Dieng, N.M., Orbn, P., Otten, J., Stump, C., 2016. Temporal changes in groundwater quality of the Saloum coastal aquifer: Journal of hydrology: Regional Studies, 9, 163-182.
• Drever, J.I., 1988. The geochemistry of natural waters: New York, Prentice-Hill, Inc, 437 p.
• Elango, L., Rannan, R., Senthil, K.M., 2003. Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in a part of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Environmental Geosciences 10, 157-166.
• Fardal, L.L., 2003. Effects of groundwater pumping for irrigation on stream properties of the Arikara River on the Colorado Plains. MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University. Print.
• Farooq, M.A., Nergis, Y., Sharif, M., Yahya S.M., 2010. Human Induced Impact on Malir river basin Karachi, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal 9 (12), 1450-1456.
• Farooqi, A., Masuda, H., Firdous, N., 2007. Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated water in Lahore and Kasur district, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources. Environmental Pollution 145, 839-849.
• Garrels, R.M., 1967. Genesis of some ground waters from igneous rocks. In: Abelson, P.H. (Ed.), Researches in Geo-chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 405–421.
• Griffin, S., 2004. Effects of irrigation practices on stream depletion in the Arikaree River, eastern Colorado. MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado.
• Gunawardhana, L., Kazama S.O., Masaki, S., 2009. Seasonal Change of Groundwater Flow and its effect on Temperature Distribution in Sendai Plain 1.1:193-198.
• Halim, M.A., Majumder, R.K., Nessa, S.A., Hiroshiro, Y., Uddin, M.J., Shimada, J., Jinno, K., 2009. Hydro-geochemistry and arsenic contamination of groundwater in the Ganges Delta Plain, Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials 164, 1335-1345.
• Harvey, C.F., Swartz, C.H., Badruzzaman, A.B.M., Keon-Blute, N., Yu, W., Ali, M.A., Jay, J., Beckie, R., Niedan, V., Brabander, D., Oates, P.M., Ashfaque, K.N., Islam, S.,
• Hemond, H.F., Ahmed, M.F., 2002. Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh. Science 22, 1602-1606.
• Hem, J.D., 1991. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water: Book 2254, 3d ed.: Jodhpur, India, Scientific Publishers, 263 p.
• Hem, J.D 1985. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristic of natural water (3rded.): U.S Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 2254, 263.
• Husain, V., 2009. Drinking Water Quality Component. Report - Sindh Education Reform Program (SERP), A study for World Bank. (p-53).
• IPCS, 1984. Fluorine and fluorides. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (Environmental Health Criteria) 36.
• Jain, S.K., Sharma, V., 2011. Contamination of Ground Water by Sewage: Central groundwater board ministry of water resources Government of India Faridabad.
• James, A.N., 1992. Soluble materials in civil engineering. Chichester: Ellis Hollywood. 435 p.
• Jankowski, J., Acworth., R.L., 1997. Impact of debris-flow deposits on hydrogeochemical processes and the development of dry land salinity in the Yass River catchment, New South Wales, Australia: Hydrogeology Journal 5, 71-88.
• JICA, 2013. Japan International Cooperation Agency, Preparatory survey (ii) on Karachi circular railway revival project in Islamic republic of Pakistan, final report, volume 1/2 main report.
• Jeong, C.H., 2001. Effect of Land Use and Urbanization on Hydrochemistry and Contamination of Groundwater from Taejon Area, Korea. Journal of Hydrology 253, 194-210.
• Jones, C.A., Inskeep, W.P., Bauder, J.W., Kieth, K.E., 1999. Arsenic solubility and attenuation in soils of the Madison River Basin, Montana: impacts of long-term irrigation. Journal of Environmental Quality 28, 1314-1320.
• Karanth, K.R., 1997. Ground water assessment, development and management: New Delhi, India, Tata McGraw-Hill Publisher, 720 p.
• Kass, A., Gavrieli, I., Yechieli, Y., Vengosh, A., Starinsky, A., 2005. The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater: a case study from the Israeli Coastal Aquifer. Journal of Hydrology 300, 314-331.
• Kenneth, S. Okiongbo and Akpofur. E., 2014. Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater using major ion chemistry: a case study of Yenagoa and environs, southern Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences 12, 39-52.
• Khan, A., Bakhtirari, A.E., 2017. Groundwater Assessment of Coastal Aquifers in Karachi: Impact of Seawater Intrusion. International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water 6, 247-263.
• Khattak, M.I., Khattak, M.I., 2013. Ground water analysis of Karachi with reference to adverse effect on human health and its comparison with other cities of Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Science and Water Resource 2 (11), 410-418.
• Kumar, T.J.R., Dushiyanthan, C., Thiruneelakandan, B., Suresh, R., Raja, S.V., Senthilkumar, M., 2015. Major and trace element characterization of shallow groundwater in coastal alluvium of Chidambaram Town, Cuddalore District, South India. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 4 (1), 64-76.
• Liley, P.E., Touloukian, Y.S., Gambill, W.R., 1963. Physical and chemical data. In: Perry.H. (Ed.): 36 Chemical Engineer Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 4th Editiion.
• Mashiatullah, A., Qureshi, R.M., Qureshi, N.A., Ahmad, E., Tasneem, M.A., Sajjad, M.I., Khan, H.A., 2002. Groundwater Salinity in coastal Aquifer of Karachi, Pakistan. Science Vision; ISSN 1027-961X; v. 7(3-4); p. 195-209.
• McArthur, J.M., Banerjee, D.M., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Mishra, R., Purohit, R., Ravenscroft, P., Cronin, A., Howarth, R.J., Chatterjee, A., Talukder, T., Lowry, D., Houghton, S., Chadha, D.K., 2004. Natural organic matter in sedimentary basins and its relation to arsenic in anoxic ground water: the example of West Bengal and its worldwide implications. Applied Geochemistry 19, 1255-1293.
• McArthur, J.M., Ravenscroft, P., Safiulla, S., Thirlwall, M.F., 2001. Arsenic in groundwater testing pollution mechanisms for sedimentary aquifers in Bangladesh. Water Resources Research 37, 109-117.
• McCreadie, H., Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., Jambor, J.L., 2000. Influence of Reduction Reactions and Solid-Phase Composition on Porewater Concentrations of Arsenic. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 3159-3166.
• Mohamadi, M., Mohamadi, G.M., Ebrahimi, K., 2011. Temporal and spatial variation of groundwater quality in Qazvin. Journal of Iran Water Research 5 (8), 41-52.
• Momba M.N.B., Malakate V.K., Theron J., 2006. Abundance of pathogenic Escherichia Coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in Nkonkobe drinking water sources. Journal of Water and Health 4, 289-296.
• Morris, M.E., Levy, G., 1983. Absorption of sulphate from orally administered magnesium sulphate in man. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology 20, 107-114.
• Mukherjee, A., Fryar, A.E., Thomas, W.A., 2009. Geologic, geomorphic, and hydrologic framework and evolution of the Bengal basin, India and Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 227-244.
• Narsimha, A., Anitha N., Sudarshan, V., Manjulatha, 2013. Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purposes in Gunthakal District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Advances in Applied Science Research 4 (2), 70-76.
• Nguyen, K.P., Itoi, R., 2009. Source and release mechanism of arsenic in aquifers of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 103 (1-2), 58-69.
• Nickson, R.T., McArthur, J.M., Shresha, B., Kyaw-Myint, T.O., Lowry, D., 2004. Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffaragh District, Pakistan. Applied Geochemistry 20 (1), 55-68.
• Nickson, R.T., Sengupta, C., Mitra, P., Dave, S.N., Banerjee, A.K., Bhattacharya, A., Basu, S., Kakoti, N., Moorthy, N.S., Wasuja, M., Kumar, M., Mishra, D.S., Ghosh, A., Vaish, D.P., Srivastava, A.K., Tripathi, R.M., Singh, T.N., Prasad, R., Bhattacharya, S., Deverill, P., 2008. Current knowledge on arsenic in groundwater in five states of India. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 42 (12), 1707-1718.
• Orlikowski, D., Weigelhofer, G., Hein, T., 2002. The impact of river water on groundwater quality in an urban floodplain area, the Lobau in Vienna. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference of IAD, Austrian Committee Danube Research/IAD, Vienna, Austria, 4-8 September 2006; 4, pp. 200-202.
• Ozler, M.H., 2003. Hydrochemistry and salt-water intrusion in the Van aquifer, east Turkey. Environmental Geology 43, 759-775.
• Panhwar, M.H., 1969. Groundwater in Hyderabad and Khairpur divisions. Directorate of Agriculture, Hyderabad Region.169p.
• PCRWR, 2002. National water quality monitoring program (Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) Fifth Monitoring Report.
• Pritchard, M., Mkandawire, T., O’Neil, J.G., 2007. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 27, 845-850.
• Priya, P.K.T., Seeta, Y., Reddy M.P., 2015. Assessment of water quality in saroornagar lake, Hyderabad. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 6, 7536-7540.
• Raksmey, M., Jinno, K., Tsutsum, A., 2009. Effects of River Water on Groundwater in Cambodia. Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University 69 (3), 95-115.
• Rao, N., Devadas, D., 2003. Fluoride incidence in groundwater in an area of Peninsular India. Environmental Geology 45, 243-251.
• Rao, N.S., Devadas, D.J., Srinivasa, K.V., 2006. Interpretation of groundwater quality using principal component analysis from Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geosciences 13 (4), 239-259.
• Rao, S., Subba, N., 2002. Geochemistry of ground water in parts of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology 41, 552-562.
• Rao, N.S., Subrahmanyam, A., Kumar, S.R., Srinivasulu, N., Gudipudi, B.R., Rao, P.S., Reddy, G.V., 2012. Geochemistry and quality of groundwater of Gummanampadu sub-basin, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Science 67, 1451-1471.
• Rowland, H.E.L., Gault, E.G., Lythgoe, P., Polya, D.E., 2008. Geochemistry of Aquifer sediments End Arsenic-rich groundwaters from Kandal Province, Cambodia. Applied Geochemistry 23, 3029-3046.
• Saha, L. C., Kumar, S., 2006. Comparative quality of potable waters at Bhagalpur, India. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 18, 459-467.
• Saleem, M., Athar, H., Gauhar, M., 2016. Analysis of groundwater quality using water quality index: A case study of greater Noida (Region), Uttar 'Pradesh (U.P), India, Cogent engineering 3, 1237927.
• Sarala, C., Ravi, B.P., 2012. Assessment of groundwater quality parameters in and around Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad. International journal of scientific and research publications 2 (10), 2250-3153.
• Shamsudduha, M., Uddin, A., Saunders, J.A., Lee, M-K., 2008. Quaternary stratigraphy, sediment characteristics and geochemistry of arsenic-contaminated alluvial aquifers in the Ganges Brahmaputra floodplain in central Bangladesh. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 99 (1-4), 112-136.
• Shinde, S.D., Patil, K.A., Sadgir, P.A., 2016. Impact of Polluted River Water on Ground Water of Agricultural Area and its Suitability for Irrigation. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 6, 1000208.
• Shrivastava, R.K., Panday, D., 2012. Physico-chemical and microbiological quality evaluation of groundwater for human domestic consumption in adjoining area of Omti Nallah, Jabalpur (M.P), India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 3, 1089-1095.
• Siddique, A., Zaigham, N.A., Mohiuddin, S., Mumtaz, M., Saied, S., Mallick, K.A., 2012. Risk zone mapping of lead pollution in urban groundwater. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 8 (1), 91-96.
• Slooff, W., Eerens, H.C., Janus, J.A., Ros, J.P.M., 1998. Basis document fluoriden. Bilthoven, Netherlands, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (Report No: 758474005).
• UNESCO, 2015. Water for a sustainable world. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015.
• Vetrimurugan, E., Elango, L., Rajmohan, N., 2013. Sources of contaminants and groundwater quality in the coastal part of a river delta. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 10 (3), 473-486.
• Wang, Y., Ma, T., Luo, Z., 2001. Geostatistical and geochemical analysis of surface water leakage into ground water on a regional scale: A case study in the Liulin karst system, northwestern China. Journal of Hydrology 246, 223-234.
• WHO, 2008. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva.
• WHO, 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva. 4th ed., Recommendations, 1-4.
• Zhang, Y., Jianhui, Z., Bingsong, Y., 2009. Experimental study on interaction between simulated sandstone and acidic fluid. Petroleum Science 6 (1), 8-16.