Curtain Grouting Applications in Wala Dam (Jordan)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 72 - 80, 15.05.2024

Halil Özdemir , Ekrem Kalkan

Öz

Due to the influence of geological structures such as bedrock masses, stratigraphic planes, fracture systems, shear zones and faults, potentially concentrated water seepage is observed along dam foundations during operation and water retention. To achieve water tightness in bedrock masses, curtain grouting is a common method. In this study, the curtain grouting of the Wala Dam in Malih village of Madaba city, 30 km southwest of Amman, Jordan, was investigated. Due to the influence of geological structures such as bedrock masses, stratigraphic planes, fracture systems, shear zones and faults, potentially concentrated water seepage is observed along dam foundations during operation and water retention. To ensure water tightness in bedrock masses, curtain grouting is the most common method. In the field studies, core drilling, pressurized water tests, laboratory tests were carried out and grouting curtain length and mixture ratios to be used in grouting were determined. Within the scope of the project, a total of approximately 55.000 meters of drilling was carried out and an impermeable curtain was formed by grouting in these wells. The depth of the injection curtain was calculated to be socketed into the massive Upper Tafila Formation, which is considered impermeable according to Lugeon values. As a result of the curtain injection works carried out at Wala Dam, impermeability was ensured.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jordan, Wala Dam, Grouting, Curtain Grouting, Bedrock

Kaynakça

• Al-Balawi, F., 2003. Hydrological and Hydrogeological Study of WadiWala Catchment Area .M. Sc. Thesis, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
• Alkaya, D., Yeşil, B., 2011. Grouting applications of grout curtains in Cindere dam and hydroelectric power plant. Scientific Research and Essays 6 (19), 4039-4047.
• Axelsson, M., 2009. Prevention of Erosion of Fresh Grout in Hard Rock. Doctoral thesis, Chalmers University of Technology.
• Brantberger, M., Stille, H., Eriksson, M., 2000. Controlling grout spreading in tunnel grouting—analyses and developments of the GIN-method Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 15, 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00003-7.
• Dou, J.X., Zhang, G.J., Zhou, M.X., 2020. Curtain Grouting Experiment in A Dam Foundation: Case Study with The Main Focus on The Lugeon and Grout Take Tests. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, 4527-4547. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10064-020-01865-0.
• Draganovic, A., Stille, H., 2011. Filtration and penetrability of cement-based grout: study performed with a short slot. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 26, 548-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.02.007.
• Draganovic, A., Stille, H., 2014. Filtration of cement-based groutsmeasured using a long slot. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 43, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.04.010.
• Eriksson, M., Stille, H., 2003. A method for measuring andevaluating the penetrability of grouts. In: Paper presentedat the third international conference on grouting andground treatment, New Orleans.
• Eklund, D., Stille, H., 2008. Penetrability due to filtration ten-dency of cement-based grouts. Tunn Undergr SpaceTechnol 23, 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.06.011.
• El Tani, M., 2012. Grouting rock fractures with cement grout. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 54 (4), 547-561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0235-0.
• El Tani, M., Stille, H., 2017. Grout spread and injection period of silica solution and cement mix in rock fractures. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 50 (9), 2365-2380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1237-8.
• Funehag, J., Thorn, J., 2018. Radial penetration of cementitious grout—Laboratory verification of grout spread in a fracture model. Tunnell Underground Space Technol 72, 228-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.11.020.
• Gothall, R., Stille, H., 2009. Fracture dilation during grouting. Tunnell Underground Space Technol 24, 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.05.004.
• Gustafson, G., 2012. Hydrogeology for Rock Engineers. Stockholm: BeFo-Rock Engineering Research Foundation.
• Gustafson, G., Stille, H., 2005. Stop criteria for cement grouting Felsbau: Zeitschrift für Geomechanik und Ingenieurgeologie im Bauwesen und Bergbau 25, 62-68.
• Hadadin, A.N., 1992. Hydrologic Simulation of WadiWala Streamflow and Development of Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves to Mujib Basin. MSc Thesis, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
• Hadadin, N., 2016. Modeling of Rainfall-Runoff Relationship in Semi-Arid Watershed in the Central Region of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering 10 (2), 209-218.
• Hakansson, U., 1993. Rheology of fresh cement-based grouts. In: Doctoral thesis, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology.
• Hernqvist, L., Einarsson, V., Hoglund, A., 2014. Does one fracture dominate the borehole transmissivity. In: Paper presented at the Swedish rock mechanics meeting, Stockholm.
• Houlsby, A.C., 1990. Construction and Design of Cement Grouting. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Ijam, A.Z., AlSaraireh, A.M., 2021. Increasing Storage by Raising WALA Dam in Jordan. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 16 (2), 94-102.
• Ijam, A., Tarawneh, E., 2012. Assessing of Sediment Yield for Wala Dam Catchment Area in Jordan. European Water, 38, 43-58.
• Ismail , K, 1986. Modeling rainfall- runoff relationship and reservoir capacity and operation for wadiwala watershed. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
• Kutzner, C., 1991. New Criteria for Rock Grouting in Dam Engineering. l7th ICOLD Congress, Vienna. (111), 307-3 17.
• Kutzner, C., 1996. Grouting of Rock and Soil (1st English Edit.). Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
• Lombardi, G., Deere, D., 1993. Grouting design and control using the gin. Principle Int Waterpower Dam Construct 45, 15-22.
• Özkan, H., 2006. Enjeksiyon yöntemleri ve uygulamaları. Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Rafi, J.Y., Stille, H., 2015. Basic mechanism of elastic jacking and impact of fracture aperture change on grout spread, transmissivity and penetrability. Tunnell Underground Space Technology112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103885.
• Risharnanda, B., Suhardjono, Andre, P.H., Asmaranto, R., 2023. Evaluation of Dam Foundation's Grouting Efficiency Based on Lugeon Values. Civil Engineering and Architecture 11 (5A), 3230-3241. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2023.110832.
• Stille, H., 2015. Rock Grouting - Theories and Applications. Stockholm: BeFo-Rock Engineering Research Foundation.
• Stille, H., Gustafson, G., Hassler, L., 2012. Application of new theories and technology for grouting of dams and foundations. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 30, 603-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9512-7.
• Stille, B., Stille, H., Gustafson, G., Kobayashi, S., 2009. Experience with the real time grouting control method. Geomech Tunnell 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.200900036.
• Weaver, K.D., Bruce, D.A., 2007. Dam Foundation Grouting, Revised and Expanded Edition. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Press.
• Yang, J., Zhao, L., Shen, Z., Gan, L., Xu, L., 2021. An Efficient Procedure for Optimization Design of Anti-Seepage Curtains: A Case Study. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and The Environment 80, 2671-2685. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10064-020-02070-9.
• Zaarir, A.O., 1995. Surface Water Components of WadiWala Basin. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
• Zhang, S., 2021. Design of grout curtains under dams founded on rock. Licentiate Thesis in Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
• Zhang, S., Johansson, F., Stille, H., 2022. Design Methodology for Grout Curtains Under Dams Founded on Rock. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 40, 2167-2186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-02019-z.
• Zimmerman, R.W., Bodvarsson, G.S., 1996. Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures transport. Porous Media 23, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00145263.
• Zou, L., Hakansson, U., Cvetkovic, V., 2018. Two-phase cement grout propagation in homogeneous water-saturated rock fractures. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 106, 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.017.
• Zou, L., Hakansson, U., Cvetkovic, V., 2020. Analysis of Bingham fluid radial flow in smooth fractures. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 12, 1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.12.021.
• Zou, L., Jing, L., Cvetkovic, V., 2015. Roughness decomposition and nonlinear fluid flow in a single rock fracture. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 75, 102-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.01.016.