Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies

Fazli Göksu; Mehmet Üstüner

doi:10.63612/ijesp.1936537

Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies

Abstract

This study examines school dropout as a multidimensional and process-oriented phenomenon by focusing on its underlying causes, emotional meanings, and prevention-oriented implications. Using an interpretative phenomenological design within a qualitative research framework, the study involved 24 participants with school dropout experience who varied in age, gender, educational level, dropout stage, occupation, place of residence, and income level. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher, reviewed through expert feedback, and refined after pilot implementation. The data were analyzed with the support of MAXQDA, drawing on Yin’s qualitative analysis cycle and Braun and Clarke’s stages of thematic analysis. The findings indicate that school dropout is shaped by the interaction of individual, familial, environmental, and structural factors. Economic hardship, work and family responsibilities, lack of institutional support, academic difficulties, negative peer influence, gender-based barriers, and limited rural opportunities emerged as prominent determinants. Participants interpreted dropout primarily in terms of sadness, disappointment, regret, and incompleteness, although some regarded it as a necessary decision under existing conditions. The results further suggest that dropout prevention requires integrated early warning systems, academic and psychosocial support, family-school collaboration, inclusive learning environments, career guidance, and flexible policies sensitive to socioeconomic inequalities. Overall, the study suggests that school dropout cannot be reduced to individual choice; rather, it should be addressed through student-centered, equity-oriented, and multi-stakeholder interventions.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

The ethics application for the study was made on 22/02/2024 and the research was carried out with the approval of İnönü University Ethics Commission dated 27/02/2024 and numbered E-414991.

References

Aküzüm, C., Yavaş, T., Tan, Ç., & Uçar, M. B. (2015). İlköğretim kurumu öğrencilerinin devamsızlık ve okul terki nedenleri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 167–192. https://doi.org/10.12780/uusbd.03923
Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T. F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066
Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. (2009). Adolescent behavioral, affective, and cognitive engagement in school: Relationship to dropout. Journal of School Health, 79(9), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00428.x
Ataç, E. (2017). Türkiye’de eğitim eşitsizliğini okumak: İstatistikler ve coğrafi dağılımlar. Eğitim ve Bilim, 42(192), 59–86. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.7124
Audas, R., & Willms, J. D. (2001). Engagement and dropping out of school: A life-course perspective (Working Paper No. W-01-1-10E). Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/MP32-28-01-1-10E.pdf
Barbosa-Camargo, M. I., García-Sánchez, A., & Ridao-Carlini, M. L. (2021). Inequality and dropout in higher education in Colombia. A multilevel analysis of regional differences, institutions, and field of study. Mathematics, 9(24), Article 3280. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9243280
Barragán Moreno, S. P., & González Támara, L. (2024). Complexities of student dropout in higher education: A multidimensional analysis. Frontiers in Education, 9, Article 1461650. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1461650
Barragán Moreno, S. P., Guzmán Rincón, A., Calderón Carmona, G. P., González Támara, L., & Lozano Galindo, O. L. (2025). Identifying key variables of student dropout in preschool, primary, secondary, and high school education: An umbrella review approach. European Journal of Educational Research, 14(2), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.14.2.585

Barro, R. J. (1997). Determinants of economic growth: A cross-country empirical study. MIT Press.
Battin-Pearson, S., Newcomb, M. D., Abbott, R. D., Hill, K. G., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (2000). Predictors of early high school dropout: A test of five theories. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.568
Bayhan, G., & Dalgıç, G. (2012). Liseyi terk eden öğrencilerin tecrübelerine göre okul terki. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(3), 107–130.
Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
Bettahi, A., Belouadha, F.-Z., & Harroud, H. (2025). A modular and explainable machine learning pipeline for student dropout prediction in higher education. Algorithms, 18(10), Article 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/a18100662
Biggerstaff, D., & Thompson, A. R. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A qualitative methodology of choice in healthcare research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 5(3), 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880802314304
Bradley, C. L., & Renzulli, L. A. (2011). The complexity of non-completion: Being pushed or pulled to drop out of high school. Social Forces, 90(2), 521–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor003
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braunstein, A., Krötz, M., Deutscher, V., & Seifried, J. (2024). Analyzing dropout intentions in vocational education and training: Exploring the nexus between different dimensions of dropout reasons and the different directions of dropout intention. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 16(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-024-00173-1
Bridgeland, J. M., DiIulio, J. J., Jr., & Morison, K. B. (2006). The silent epidemic: Perspectives of high school dropouts. Civic Enterprises.
Bukowski, P., & Kobus, M. (2012). Educational equality of opportunity in Poland. Ekonomista, 5, 605–627. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi. https://doi.org/10.14527/9789756802748
Casanova, J. R. (2025). Dropout intention as a threat to higher education students’ well-being. In R. Cobo-Rendón, D. García-Álvarez, A. Sánchez-Oñate, & D. B. Jofré (Eds.), Well-being and its promotion in educational contexts (pp. 491–507). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-00025-5_24
Charmaraman, L., & Hall, G. (2011). School dropout prevention: What arts‐based community and out‐of‐school‐time programs can contribute. New Directions for Youth Development, 2011(Suppl. 1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.416
Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, C. M. (2007). School characteristics related to high school dropout rates. Remedial and Special Education, 28(6), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325070280060201
Creswell, J. W. (2023). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni (M. Bütün, Çev. Ed.; 7. bs.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
Dahliana, D., & Huda, N. (2024). Does education budget influence school dropout? KnE Social Sciences, 9(19), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i19.16477
de Souza Brandão, L. M., Amorim, D. G., & Amorim, R. J. R. (2025). Cenário nacional das produções acadêmicas sobre a evasão e o abandono escolar na educação básica. Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade, 18(3), 884–914. https://doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v18.n3.884-914
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). SAGE.
Dhungana, G. P., Chaudhary, A. K., Tharu, R. P., & Kumar, V. (2025). Bayesian modelling of Weibull distribution for predicting student dropout rates: A case of higher education institutions in Nepalese University. Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao, 30(1), 48–59.
Dhungana, P. K. (2025). Factors influencing student dropout at the Faculty of Education, Myanglung Campus. Intellectual Journal of Academic Research (IJAR), 3(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijar.v3i1.83625
Doll, J. J., Eslami, Z., & Walters, L. (2013). Understanding why students drop out of high school, according to their own reports: Are they pushed or pulled, or do they fall out? A comparative analysis of seven nationally representative studies. SAGE Open, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013503834
Durán Cabieles, L. K., Sarmiento Espinel, J. A., & Silva Arias, A. C. (2018, August). Financial aid and higher education dropout in Colombia. In Proceedings of the 10th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.2991/rais-18.2018.5
Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2011). Schools as developmental contexts during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00725.x
Elangovan, N., & Sundaravel, E. (2021). Method of preparing a document for survey instrument validation by experts. MethodsX, 8, 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101326
Eranıl, A. K. (2024). School dropout causes in Turkish education system (2009–2022): A Pareto analysis by grade level. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi [Journal of Theoretical Educational Science], 17(2), 451–477. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1291174
Ertürk, S. (2013). Eğitimde program geliştirme. Edge Akademi Yayınları.
European Commission. (2011). Tackling early school leaving: A key contribution to the Europe 2020 agenda (COM(2011) 18 final). Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0018
European Commission. (2025). Education and training monitor 2025: Comparative report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2766/2221794
Eurostat. (2025). Early leavers from education and training. Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Early_leavers_from_education_and_training
Fall, A. M., & Roberts, G. (2012). High school dropouts: Interactions between social context, self-perceptions, school engagement, and student dropout. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 787–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.004
Fathi-Ashtiani, M., Hosseinchari, M., Ahmadi, F., & Jowkar, B. (2021). Lived experiences of dropout university students: A qualitative content analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.30491/IJBS.2021.258913.1440
Fidan, N. (2012). Okulda öğrenme ve öğretme. Pegem Akademi.
Fidan, N., & Erden, M. (1998). Eğitime giriş. Alkım Yayınları.
Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59(2), 117–142. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543059002117
Frazelle, S., & Nagel, A. (2015). A practitioner’s guide to implementing early warning systems (REL 2015–056). U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Northwest. https://ies.ed.gov/sites/default/files/migrated/rel/regions/northwest/pdf/REL_2015056.pdf
Ghasemy, M., & Hussin, S. (2014). Theories of educational management and leadership: A review. In Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan-Dekan Pendidikan IPTA 2014 (pp. 1–10). University of Malaya. http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/13542
Glesne, C. (2012). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (A. Ersoy & P. Yalçınoğlu, Çev. Ed.). Anı Yayıncılık.
Gómez García, F. I. (2024). Risk factors for student dropout in higher education institutions in Latin America. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia, 4, 4592–4592. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024.592
Gul, R., Gulshan, & Ali, A. (2013). Causes of dropout rate in government high schools (male). American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(1), 120–125. http://iasir.net/files/aijrhasspapers/aijrhass13-223.pdf
Hammond, C., Linton, D., Smink, J., & Drew, S. (2007). Dropout risk factors and exemplary programs: A technical report. National Dropout Prevention Center/Network & Communities In Schools, Inc. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED497057.pdf
Hanushek, E. A., & Wößmann, L. (2010). Education and economic growth. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 245–252). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01227-6
Henry, K. L., Knight, K. E., & Thornberry, T. P. (2012). School disengagement as a predictor of dropout, delinquency, and problem substance use during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9665-3
İlkdoğan Serbes, D., & Balyer, A. (2025). Dropout tendencies in Turkish higher education. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 83(4), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/25.83.545
Jana, M., Khan, A., Chatterjee, S., Sar, N., & Das, A. (2014). Dropout rate at elementary level in two primary schools of backward area, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal: A comparative approach. American Journal of Educational Research, 2(12), 1288–1297. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-2-12-25
Joshi, D. R. (2024). Students’ dropout in higher education: A study of Ghodaghodi Multiple Campus. Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal, 7(2), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v7i2.72150
Júnior, G. S. B., Bento, B. F. S., Ribeiro, U. F. C., & dos Santos, H. T. (2025). Dropout in higher education and Vincent Tinto’s models: Bibliographical research. Educação e Pesquisa: Revista da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo, 51(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-4634202551285842en
Korumaz, M., & Ekşioğlu, E. (2022). Why do students in vocational and technical education drop out? A qualitative case study. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 9(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.935042
Kronick, R. F. (1994). The imperative of dealing with dropouts: Theory, practice and reform. Education, 114(4), 530–538.
Kumar, P., Patel, S. K., Debbarma, S., & Saggurti, N. (2023). Determinants of school dropouts among adolescents: Evidence from a longitudinal study in India. PLOS ONE, 18(3), Article e0282468. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282468
Kurnaz, Z. (2016). Türkiye’de siyasal korku ve akademik hayatın inşası [Doktora tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Kurul, N. (2012). Eğitim finansmanı. Siyasal Kitabevi.
Lavrentsova, E., & Valkov, P. (2017). Dropping out of school: Risk and protective factors. Labor et educatio, 5, 107–124. https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561LE.17.006.7981
Lee, V. E., & Burkam, D. T. (2003). Dropping out of high school: The role of school organization and structure. American Educational Research Journal, 40(2), 353–393. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040002353
Lessard, A., Poirier, M., & Fortin, L. (2010). Student-teacher relationship: A protective factor against school dropout? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1636–1643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.250
Levin, H. M. (2009). The economic payoff to investing in educational justice. Educational Researcher, 38(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X08331192
Lima, P. H. F., & Dantas, M. da S. (2025). Edupulse: Systematizing the process of analysis and mapping of dropout in higher education. Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales, 18(10), Article e21634. https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.18n.10-232
Madai, T. B., Chand, R. B., Sapkota, S. P., & Pant, D. R. (2025). Student dropout trends and causes in higher education: The case of Kailali multiple campus. KMC Journal, 7(1), 234–249. https://doi.org/10.3126/kmcj.v7i1.75134
Mahanta, J., Hernwal, D. S., & Dutta, A. (2025). A study on continuing education for school dropouts through open schooling at senior secondary level in Margherita, Tinsukia district of Assam. Lex Localis, 23(S6), 2921–2927. https://doi.org/10.52152/tcbn0043
Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444
Memon, A. R., & Usmani, S. (2025). Factors leading to the student dropout at the primary education level of government schools in district Sujawal Sindh. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(3), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.59075/mby39775
Merriam, S. B. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Montes, G., & Lehmann, C. (2004). Who will drop out from school? Key predictors from the literature (Children’s Institute Technical Report T04-001). Children’s Institute. https://childrensinstitute.net/sites/default/files/documents/T04-001.pdf
Naaman, H. (2021). The academic dropout wheel: Analyzing the antecedents of higher education dropout in education studies. The European Educational Researcher, 4(2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.31757/euer.421
Neubauer, B. E., Witkop, C. T., & Varpio, L. (2019). How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2
OECD. (2010). PISA 2009 results: What students know and can do: Student performance in reading, mathematics and science (Vol. I). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264091450-en
OECD. (2020). Education policy outlook in Turkey (OECD Education Policy Perspectives No. 23). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b7c69f4c-en
OECD. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/e1303a4a-en
OECD. (2024). Education at a glance 2024: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c00cad36-en
Oliveira, S. N. da C. de. (2023). Principais fatores que contribuem para o aumento da evasão escolar na educação de jovens e adultos, do ensino médio. In J. O. da S. Pessoa (Ed.), Educação e o ensino contemporâneo: práticas, discussões e relatos de experiências (Vol. 12, pp. 68–82). AYA Editora. https://doi.org/10.47573/aya.5379.2.180.5
Ottosen, K. O., Goll, C. B., Wynn, R., & Sørlie, T. (2023). ‘Days of frustration’: A qualitative study of adolescents’ thoughts and experiences of schooling after early dropout. Behavioral Sciences, 13(11), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110894
Özbaş, M. (2010). İlköğretim okullarında öğrenci devamsızlığının nedenleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.15390/ES.2010.859
Özer, A., Gençtanırım, D., & Ergene, T. (2011). Türk lise öğrencilerinde okul terkinin yordanması: Aracı ve etkileşim değişkenleri ile bir model testi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(161), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.15390/ES.2011.970
Pacheco, A., Tete, M., & Monsueto, S. (2024). Ações de combate à evasão estudantil na educação superior. Avaliação: Revista da Avaliação da Educação Superior (Campinas), 29(4), e024026. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-57652024v29id289017
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri (M. Bütün & S. B. Demir, Çev. Ed.). Pegem Akademi.
Pusztai, G., Hrabéczy, A., & Csók, C. (2025). Parental involvement as an antidote to student dropout in higher education: Students’ perceptions of dropout risk. Open Education Studies, 7(1), Article 20250089. https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2025-0089
Rahman, Y. (2018). Evaluation of school-based management (SBM) implementation in basic school using context, input, process, and product models. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Early Childhood and Primary Education (ECPE 2018) (pp. 246–251). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/ecpe-18.2018.54
Ramsdal, G. H., Bergvik, S., & Wynn, R. (2018). Long-term dropout from school and work and mental health in young adults in Norway: A qualitative interview-based study. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1455365. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1455365
Rubio, D. M., Berg-Weger, M., Tebb, S. S., Lee, E. S., & Rauch, S. (2003). Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research. Social Work Research, 27(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/27.2.94
Sánchez-Arévalo, M.-L., Ferro-Escobar, R., & Chaparro-Sierra, L.-F. (2025). Analysis of academic dropout data to estimate relevant variables using computer tools at a higher education institution. Cultura Educación y Sociedad, 16(1), Article e5777. https://doi.org/10.17981/cultedusoc.16.1.2025.5777
Santos, C. A. dos, Pereira, G. de Q., & Pilatti, L. A. (2024). Higher education dropout: A scoping review. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(8), Article e07156. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n8-117
Schoeneberger, J. A. (2012). Longitudinal attendance patterns: Developing high school dropouts. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 85(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2011.603766
Segumba, S. I. (2015). Study on the causes of dropout among the primary school pupils: A case of Temeke District [Master’s thesis, The Open University of Tanzania]. The Open University of Tanzania Institutional Repository. http://repository.out.ac.tz/id/eprint/1464
Senemoğlu, N. (2023). Gelişim, öğrenme ve öğretim: Kuramdan uygulamaya. Anı Yayıncılık.
Singh, A., & Karthikeyan, S. (2025). Wrapper feature selection method for predicting student dropout in higher education. JENTIK: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, 4(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.58723/jentik.v4i1.441
Sloan, A., & Bowe, B. (2014). Phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology: The philosophy, the methodologies, and using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate lecturers’ experiences of curriculum design. Quality & Quantity, 48(3), 1291–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9835-3
Spady, W. G. (1971). Dropouts from higher education: Toward an empirical model. Interchange, 2(3), 38–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02282469
Stearns, E., & Glennie, E. J. (2006). When and why dropouts leave high school. Youth & Society, 38(1), 29–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X05282764
Suh, S., & Suh, J. (2007). Risk factors and levels of risk for high school dropouts. Professional School Counseling, 10(3), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X0701000312
Suri, H. (2011). Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1102063
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543045001089
Tinto, V., & Cullen, J. (1973). Dropout in higher education: A review and theoretical synthesis of recent research (ERIC Document No. ED078802). Teachers College, Columbia University. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED078802.pdf
Tyler, J. H., & Lofstrom, M. (2009). Finishing high school: Alternative pathways and dropout recovery. The Future of Children, 19(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0019
Upadhyay, M. (2017). Educational opportunities, access and equity among children in slums. International Research Journal of Commerce, Arts, and Science, 8(10), 128–147.
Wang, M.-T., & Fredricks, J. A. (2014). The reciprocal links between school engagement, youth problem behaviors, and school dropout during adolescence. Child Development, 85(2), 722–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12138
World Bank. (2018). World development report 2018: Learning to realize education’s promise. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1
World Education Forum (WEF). (2016). Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of sustainable development goal 4. Towards inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all. Education 2030.
Yılmaz, T., & Sarpkaya, R. (2022). A case study on university dropout: Perspectives from education faculty students and academicians. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 7(3), 519–559. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1159480
Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. The Guilford Press.
Yorğun, A. (2022). Ulusal bir sorun olarak okul terki: Nedenleri, sonuçları ve önleme yolları. In F. Nayır & Ş.
Poyrazlı (Eds.), Eğitim bilimlerinde güncel araştırmalar (pp. 119–131). Anı Yayıncılık.
Zamora-Vélez, G. A., & Bermúdez-Cevallos, L. del R. (2024). Socioeconomic factors and university student dropout. International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijss.v7n4.2325

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Education Management

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Fazli Göksu ^*
0000-0001-6791-8148
Türkiye

Mehmet Üstüner
0000-0002-1724-8825
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

July 1, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

April 23, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 21, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1936537

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA72JS39UD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Göksu, F., & Üstüner, M. (2026). Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy, Advanced Online Publication, 302-335. https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1936537

AMA

1.Göksu F, Üstüner M. Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies. IJESP. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):302-335. doi:10.63612/ijesp.1936537

Chicago

Göksu, Fazli, and Mehmet Üstüner. 2026. “Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies”. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy, no. Advanced Online Publication: 302-35. https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1936537.

EndNote

Göksu F, Üstüner M (July 1, 2026) Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy Advanced Online Publication 302–335.

IEEE

[1]F. Göksu and M. Üstüner, “Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies”, IJESP, no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 302–335, July 2026, doi: 10.63612/ijesp.1936537.

ISNAD

Göksu, Fazli - Üstüner, Mehmet. “Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies”. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy. Advanced Online Publication (July 1, 2026): 302-335. https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1936537.

JAMA

1.Göksu F, Üstüner M. Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies. IJESP. 2026;:302–335.

MLA

Göksu, Fazli, and Mehmet Üstüner. “Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies”. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy, no. Advanced Online Publication, July 2026, pp. 302-35, doi:10.63612/ijesp.1936537.

Vancouver

1.Fazli Göksu, Mehmet Üstüner. Rethinking the Process of School Dropout: Causes, Experiences, and Preventive Strategies. IJESP. 2026 Jul. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):302-35. doi:10.63612/ijesp.1936537