PERCEPTION OF CONTROL, DISEASE, AND VACCINE FOR COVID-19: THE EXAMPLE OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

Abstract

The study was conducted to examine the relation between control perception, disease perception, and vaccine perception of healthcare employees regarding Covid-19. The mean scores of the participants in the scale sub-dimension of perception of illness were as follows; the mean dangerousness score was found to be 4.01±0.86, and the mean infectiousness score was found to be 3.82±0.87. The perception of control scale mean macro control score of the healthcare employees was 2.39±0.81, mean micro control score was 2.87±0.87, and mean controllability score was 3.16±0.91. The mean score of positive attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine of the healthcare employees who agreed to participate in the study was found to be 3.70±1.02, and the mean score of negative attitudes towards the vaccine was 3.43±0.79. A statistically significant difference was found in our study between the mean scores of positive attitudes towards the vaccine and professional experience (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was also detected between the mean positive attitudes scores of the participants towards the vaccine and the variables of direct contact with a COVID-19 patient and chronic disease status (p<0.05). It was determined that healthcare professionals had high Covid-19 disease and control perceptions and negative attitudes towards the vaccine. When the roles and responsibilities of immunization and health workers in controlling pandemics are considered, it is recommended to organize training programs to eliminate the doubts of healthcare employees regarding the safety and efficacy of the Covid-19 vaccine and to maximize the acceptance of the vaccine.

Keywords

• Healthcare Employee
• Covid-19 Control Perception
• Covid-19 Disease Perception
• Covid-19 Vaccine Perception
• Vaccine Hesitancy

References

1. [1] Huang, L., Xu, FM., Liu H.R., "Emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and nursing college students during COVID-19 outbreak", MedRxiv, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.05.20031898. 2020.
2. [2] Li, Y.D., Chi, W.Y., Su, J.H., Ferrall, L., Hung, C.F., Wu T.C., "Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID‑19" Biomed Sci, 27, 104 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2. 2020.
3. [3] World Health Organization, Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, 2020, https://www.who.int/teams/regulation-prequalification/eul/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals.
4. [4] Azap, A., "Covıd-19 Vaccines: Light at the end of the Tunnel", Archives Medical Review Journal, 29, 94-100, doi:10.17827/aktd.841264, 2020.
5. [5] Haviari, S., Bénet, T., Elahi, M.S., André, P., Loulergue, P., Vanhems, P., "Vaccination of healthcare workers: A review", Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 11(11), 2522-2537, doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1082014, 2015.
6. [6] Lucia, V.C., Kelekar, A., Afonso, N.M., "Covıd-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students", Journal of Public Health, 1–5, doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa230, 2020.
7. [7] Zhang, M., Zhou, M., Tang, F., Wang, Y., Nie, H., Zhangi L., You, G., "Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Covıd-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China", Journal of Hospital Infection, 105, 183-187, 2020.
8. [8] Su, A., Doctors and nurses fighting coronavirus in China die of both infection and fatigue. LA time, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-02-25/doctors-fighting-coronavirus-in-china-die-of-both-infection-and-fatigue

9. [9] Jankowicz, M., An Italian coronavirus nurse posted a picture of her face bruised from wearing a mask to highlight how much health workers are struggling, 2020. https://www.insider.com/coronavirus-italy-nurse-alessia-bonari-bruised-face-physical-psychological-toll-2020-3
10. [10] Sağlık Bakanlığı Koronavirüs Rehberi, 2020, https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/bulasici-hastaliklar/2019-n-cov/liste/2019-ncov-afis-ve-brosurler.html%20.
11. [11] Askın, R., Bozkurt, Y., Zekiye, Z., "Covid-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler", İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 304-318, 2020.
12. [12] Ergün, E., Ergün, Ş., Çelebi, İ., "Acil sağlık hizmetleri personellerinin covid-19 hakkında bilgi, korunma düzeyleri ve etkileyen etmenler", Paramedik ve Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 1(1), 16-27, 2020.
13. [13] Wang, C., Hornby, P.W., Hayden, F.G., Gao, G.F., "A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern", Lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9, 2020.
14. [14] Yekdeş, D.H., Altunok, A., Eskiocak, M., Marangoz, B., "Immunization attitudes of physicians at a university hospital", Klimik Dergisi, 33(3), 255-9, 2020.
15. [15] Biswas, N., Mustapha, T., Khubchandani, J., Price, J.H., "The nature and extent of Covıd‑19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers", Journal of Community Health, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-00984-3, 2021.
16. [16] Ceyhan, M., "Aşı reddi", Docplayer, https://docplayer.biz.tr/62696905-Asi-reddi-mehmet-ceyhan.html. 2020.
17. [17] Sümbüloğlu, K., Sümbüloğu, V., "Biyoistatistik", Hatiboğlu Yayınları. ISBN: 9789757527121. 14 Baskı, Ankara, 2018.
18. [18] Geniş, B., Gürhan, N., Koç, M., Geniş, Ç., Şirin, B., Çirakoğlu,O., Coşar, B., "Development of perceptıon and attıtude scales related wıth covıd-19 pandemıa", Pearson Journal Of Socıal Scıences & Humanıtıes, 5(7), 305-326, 2020.
19. [19] Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, C.J., Susser, E., Lu, J., "The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk", The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302-311, 2009.
20. [20] Stawicki, S.P., Paladino, L., Sharpe, R.P., Galwankar, S.C., Sholevar, F., Marchionni, C., Papadimos, T.J., Paul, E., Hansoti, B., Firstenberg, M. et al., "Reflections on the Ebola public health emergency of international concern, part 2: The unseen epidemic of posttraumatic stress among health-care personnel and survivors of the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak"", J. Glob. Infect. Dis., 9, 45–50., 2017.
21. [21] Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Mahafzah, A., "High rates of covıd-19 vaccine hesitancy and ıts association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in jordan and kuwait among other arab countries", Vaccines, 9(1), 42, 2021.
22. [22] Man, M.A., Toma, C., Motoc, N.S., Necrelescu, O.L., Bondor, C.I., Chis, A.F., Rajnoveanu, R.M., "Disease Perception and Coping with Emotional Distress During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey Among Medical Staff", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(13), 4899, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134899, 2020.
23. [23] El-Hage, W., Hingray, C., Lemogne, C., Yrondi, A., Brunault, P., Bienvenu, T., et al., "Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?" Encephale, 46(3S), S73–S80. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008, 2020.
24. [24] Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, C.J., Susser, E., Lu, J., Hoven, C.W. "The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk", Can J Psychiatry, 54(5), 302-11. doi: 10.1177/070674370905400504, 2009.
25. [25] Chew, Q.H., Wei, K.C., Vasoo, S., Chua, H.C., Sim, K., "Narrative synthesis of psychological and coping responses towards emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the general population: practical considerations for the COVID-19 pandemic", Singapore Med J, 61(7), 350-356, doi: 10.11622/smedj.2020046, 2020.
26. [26] Preti, E., Di Mattei, V., Perego, G., Ferrari, F., Mazzetti, M., Taranto, P., Calati, R.. "The psychological impact of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review of the evidence", Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(8), 1-22, 2020.
27. [27] Tan, W., Hao, F., McIntyre, R.S., Jiang, L., Jiang, X., Zhang. L., Zhao, X., et al. "Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce", Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055, 2020, 2020.
28. [28] Papagiannis, D., Malli, F., Raptis, D.G., Papathanasiou, I.V., Fradelos, E.C., Daniil, Z., et al., "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) of Health Care Professionals in Greece before the Outbreak Period", Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(14), 4925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144925, PMID: 32650614, 2020.
29. [29] Gagneux-Brunon, A., Detoc, M., Bruel, S., Tardy, B., Rozaire, O., Frappe, P., et al., "Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: a cross sectional survey", J Hosp Infect, 108, 168-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.020, PMID: 33259883, 20021.
30. [30] Wang, K., Wong, E.L.Y., Ho, K.F., Cheung, A.W.L., Chan, E.Y.Y., Yeoh, E.K., et al., Intention of nurses to accept coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and change of intention to accept seasonal influenza vaccination during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey, Vaccine, 38(45), 7049-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine, PMID: 32980199, 2020.
31. [31] Kabamba Nzaji, M., Kabamba Ngombe, L., Ngoie Mwamba, G., Banza Ndala, D.B., Mbidi Miema, J., Lungoyo, C.L., Mwimba, B.L., Bene, A.C.M., Musenga, E.M., "Acceptability of Vaccination Against COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", Pragmatic Obs. Res, 11, 103–109, 2020.
32. [32] Chew, N.W., Cheong, C., Kong, G., Phua, K., Ngiam, J.N., Tan, B.Y., Wang, B., Hao, F., Tan, W., Han, X., et al., "An Asia-Pacific study on healthcare worker’s perception and willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination", Int. J. Infect. Dis, 26, 1201, 2021.
33. [33] Lazarus, J.V., Ratzan, S.C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L.O., Larson, H.J., Rabin, K., et al., "A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine", Nat Med, 27, 225–228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9, 2021.
34. [34] Graffigna, G., Palamenghi, L., Boccia, S., Barello, S., "Relationship between citizens’ health engagement and intention to take the covid-19 vaccine in Italy: a mediation analysis", Vaccines, 8(4), 576, 2020.
35. [35] Peretti-Watel, P., Seror, V., Cortaredona, S., Launay, O., Raude, J., Verger, P., "A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation", Lancet Infect Dis, 20(7), 769–770, 2020.
36. [36] Feleszko, W., Lewulis, P., Czarnecki, A., Waszkiewicz, P., "Flattening the curve of COVID-19 vaccine rejection—a global overview", Vaccines (Basel), 9(1), 44. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010044, 2020.
37. [37] Thunstrom, L., Ashworth, M., Finnoff, D., Newbold, S., "Hesitancy towards a COVID-19 vaccine and prospects for herd immunity", Ecohealth, 1-17, doi: 10.1007/s10393-021-01524-0, 2021.
38. [38] Bish, A., Yardley, L., Nicoll, A., Michie, S., "Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza: a systematic review", Vaccine, 29(38), 6472-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.107. PMID: 21756960. 2011.
39. [39] Verger, P., Scronias, D., Dauby, N., Adedzi, K.A., Gobert, C., Bergeat, M., Dubé, E., "Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada 2020", Euro Surveill, 26(3), 2002047, doi: 10.2807/1560-7917. ES.2021.26.3.2002047, 2021.
40. [40] Raude, J., Fressard, L., Gautier, A., Pulcini, C., Peretti-Watel, P., Verger, P., "Opening the ‘Vaccine Hesitancy’ black box: how trust in institutions affects French GPs’ vaccination practices", Expert Rev Vaccines, 15(7), 937-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2016.1184092, PMID: 27140417, 2016.
41. [41] Kernéis, S., Jacquet, C., Bannay, A., May, T., Launay, O., Verger, P., et al., "EDUVAC Study Group. Vaccine Education of Medical Students: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Survey", Am J Prev Med, 53(3), e97-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.014, PMID: 28237636, 2017.
42. [42] Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., Chataway, J., "Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review", Soc Sci Med, 112, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.018, PMID: 24788111, 2014.
43. [43] Karlsson, L.C., Lewandowsky, S., Antfolk, J., Salo, P., Lindfelt, M., Oksanen, T., et al., "The association between vaccination confidence, vaccination behavior, and willingness to recommend vaccines among Finnish healthcare workers", PLoS One, 14(10), e0224330. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224330. PMID: 31671115, 2019.
44. [44] Wilson, R., Zaytseva, A., Bocquier, A., Nokri, A., Fressard, L., Chamboredon, P., et al., " Vaccine hesitancy and self-vaccination behaviors among nurses in southeastern France", Vaccine, 38(5), 1144-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.018, PMID: 31810781, 2020.
45. [45] Khan, M.U., Shah, S., Ahmad, A., Fatokun, O., "Knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers about middle east respiratory syndrome in multispecialty hospitals of Qassim, Saudi Arabia", BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-7, 2014.
46. [46] Tam, D.K.P., Lee, S., Lee, S.S. "Impact of SARS on avian influenza preparedness in healthcare workers", Infection, 35(5), 320-325. doi: 10.1007/s15010-007-6353-z, 2007.
47. [47] Srichan, P., Apidechkul, T., Tamornpark, R., et.al., "Knowledge, Attitude and Preparedness to Respond to COVID-19 Among the Bordered Population of Northern Thailand in the Early Period of the Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study", WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 9(2), 118-125, 2020.