Fingerprint Forensics in Crime Scene: A Computer Science Approach

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 88 - 113, 01.12.2019

Bilgehan Arslan

Abstract

Biometry is essential when it comes to personal identification and verification in forensic applications, and the fingerprint is one of the most commonly used biometric features in the field of biometric identification. To detect fingerprints at the crime scene, to collect and transfer fingerprints in a way not to modify its nature, to make appropriate enhancements without causing loss of data on fingerprints and to preserve and storage of fingerprints are complex processes, and appropriate realization of these processes is essential for crime scene investigation. This study analyses and evaluates the crime scene investigation from a computer science perspective in detail on the basis of fingerprints, and whole process is divided into three components. In light of the studies conducted in the literature, 14 main problems that are encountered in the realization of these three components have been identified and criticized. Afterward, the disciplines supported by forensic science, and the components that compose the crime scene are evaluated on the basis of 4 basic challenges encountered in the processes are summarized. Finally, to overcome 14 problems and 4 challenges, 6 technology-supported solutions are presented.

Keywords

Fingerprint, crime scene investigation, forensic science, evidence, biometrics, computer science approach

References

• [1] H.C. Lee, E.M. Pagliaro. ”Forensic evidence and crime scene investigation,” Journal of Forensic Investigation, 1(2), pp. 1-5, 2013.
• [2] J. Reno, D. Marcus, L. Robinson, N. Brennan, J. Travis. ”Crime Scene Investigation A Guide for Law Enforcement,” 2000. Accessed on: Dec. 3, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www .ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178280.pdf.
• [3] R. Gehl, D. Plecas. ”Introduction to Criminal Investigation: Processes, Practices and Thinking,” Justice Institute of British Columbia, 2017.
• [4] A.S. Mbugua. ”Crime Scene Management,” Accessed on: Nov. 13, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.slideshare.net /SteveMbugua/crime-scene-management-compiled-52804284.
• [5] W.J. Chisum, B.E. Turvey. ”Crime reconstruction,” Academic Press/Elsevier, 2011.
• [6] ”90 Criminal Justice Jobs,” 2009. Accessed on: Dec. 5, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://thebestschools.org /careers/criminaljustice-jobs/.
• [7] M.A.M. Mawaheb. ”Principles of Crime Scene Investigation,” M.S. Thesis, Cairo University, 2019. Accessed on: Oct. 15, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publica tion/331745757 Principles of Crime Scene Investigation.
• [8] R. Julian, S. Kelty, J. Robertson. ”Get it right the first time, Critical Issues at the Crime Scene,” Current issues in criminal justice, 24(1), pp. 25-37, 2012.
• [9] M. Kaygısız, ”Adli bilimler,” Seckin Press, 2003.
• [10] D. C¸ eker. ”Olay Yeri ˙Inceleme ve C¸ alıs¸malarında Adli Arkeolog ve Adli Antropologların Rolu: Kuzey Kıbrıs ve T ¨ urkiye’deki ¨ Guncel Durum,” ¨ Antropoloji, (32), pp. 13-21, 2016.
• [11] B.A. Fisher. ”Techniques of crime scene investigation,” CRC press, 2003.
• [12] P. Parmar. ”Reconstruction of crime – A review,” International Archives of Integrated Medicine, 2(10), pp. 49-53, 2015.
• [13] C. Roux, B. Talbot-Wright, J. Robertson, F. Crispino, O. Ribaux. ”The end of the (forensic science) world as we know it? The example of trace evidence,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 2015.
• [14] J.K Roman, S. Reid, J. Reid, A. Chalfin, W. Adams, C. Knight. ”The DNA field experiment: Cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of DNA in the investigation of high-volume crimes,” 2008. Accessed on: Oct. 19, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222318.pdf2008.
• [15] ”Forensic Evidence Types, A Simplified Guide To Fingerprint Analysis,” Accessed on: Dec. 3, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/prints/Fingerprints.pdf.
• [16] F. Gul. ”Ninhidrinin schiff bazı olus¸turma ¨ ozelli ¨ ginden faydala- ˘ narak parmak izi tayini is¸leminde kullanılması,” Ph.D. dissertation, Selcuk University, 2014.
• [17] O. G ¨ ultekin. ”Olay yeri incelemesinde kars¸ılas¸ılan sorunlar ve ¨ c¸oz¨ um¨ onerileri,” ¨ Turkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi ¨ , 2(2), pp. 473-508, 2011.
• [18] ”Crime scene and physical evidence awareness for non-forensic personnel,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009. Accessed on: Sep. 3, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.uno dc.org/documents/scientific/Crime scene awareness Ebook.pdf.
• [19] T. F. Kiely. ”Forensic evidence: science and the criminal law,” CRC Press, 2005.
• [20] I. R. Wagstaff, G. LaPorte. ”The importance of diversity and inclusion in the forensic sciences,” National Institute of Justice Journal, 279, pp. 81-91, 2018.
• [21] ”Minimum Requirements For Crime Scene Investigation, Crime Scene Management,” 2014. Accessed on: Sep. 15, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.ifsa-forensics.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/CSI MRD English.pdf.
• [22] S¸. Parlakyıldız. ”Yapay Sinir Agları Kullanılarak Parmak ˘ ˙Izi Tanıma ve Sınıflandırma,” M.S. Thesis, Gazi University, 2014.
• [23] E. Durnal. ”Chemical Visualization of Latent Prints,” 2012. Accessed on: Nov. 23, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/238008.pdf.
• [24] E.M. Robinson. ”Crime scene photography,” Academic Press, 2016.
• [25] Y. Martin, M.S. Kumar. ”Forensic Photography: A Review”, International Journal of Forensic Science & Pathology, 3(9), pp. 169-171, 2015.
• [26] S. Gouse, S. Karnam, H.C. Girish, S. Murgod. ”Forensic photography: Prospect through the lens,” Journal of forensic dental sciences, 10(1), pp. 2-4, 2018.
• [27] M.T. Miller. ”Crime scene investigation,” Forensic science, pp. 143-164, 2002.
• [28] O.S. S ¨ onmez. ”Bilgisayar destekli parmak izi tanıma sistemi ¨ tasarımı,” M.S. Thesis, Istanbul University, 2008.
• [29] A.B. Kanbar. ”Fingerprint identification for forensic crime scene investigation,” International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 5(8), pp. 60-65, 2016.
• [30] M. Ulker, B. Arslan, S. Sagiroglu. ”Evaluation of Fingerprint Enhancement Techniques Used by Crime Scene Investigation,” 10th. International Conference On Information Security And Cryptology, pp. 29-37, 2017.
• [31] K.R. Moses, P. Higgins, M. McCabe, S. Prabhakar, S. Swann. ”Automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS),” Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis Study and Technology and National institute of Justice-The fingerprint sourcebook, pp. 1-33, 2011.
• [32] ”Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) – a short history,” Accessed on: Dec. 2, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.gemalto.com/govt/biometrics/afis-history.
• [33] B.T. Ulery, R.A. Hicklin, J. Buscaglia, M.A. Roberts. ”Accuracy and reliability of forensic latent fingerprint decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), pp. 7733- 7738, 2011.
• [34] M.B. Thompson, J.M. Tangen, D.J. McCarthy. ”Expertise in fingerprint identification,” Journal of forensic sciences, 58(6), pp. 1519-1530, 2013.
• [35] S.F. Kelty, R. Julian, J. Robertson. ”Professionalism in crime scene examination: the seven key attributes of top crime scene examiners,” Forensic science policy & management: an international journal, 2(4), pp. 175-186, 2011.
• [36] J. Walvisch. ”Fingerprinting to solve crimes: not as robust as you think,” 2017. Accessed on: Oct. 17, 2019. [Online]. Available: https:// theconversation.com/fingerprinting-to-solvecrimes-not-as-robust-as-you-think-85534.
• [37] ”Evidence Collection Manual,” Accessed on: Dec. 12, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/ evidencecollectionmanual MT.pdf.
• [38] A.C. Doyle. ”Methodical Approach to Processing the Crime Scene,” An Introduction to Crime Scene Investigation, pp. 103- 133, 2010.
• [39] S. Wilkinson, D. Haagman. ”Good practice guide for computerbased electronic evidence,” Association of Chief Police Officers.
• [40] ”The Basics of Criminal Investigation,” Accessed on: Oct. 17, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://samples. jbpub.com/978128 4082852/9781284082852 CH04 Dutelle SECURE.pdf.
• [41] P. Salicco. ”Staffing a Crime Scene Investigation Unit from Sworn to Civilian: A Solution for Law Enforcement Operations,” Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation, 4(2), 2017.
• [42] ”The International Association for Identification,” Accessed on: Nov. 9, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.theiai.org/.
• [43] M.C. Leone, R. Keel. ”Occupational Stress and Crime Scene Investigator,” Journal of Law and Criminal Justice, 4(1), pp. 63-74, 2016.
• [44] ”ISO/IEC 17020,” Accessed on: Dec. 15, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/standard/52994.html.
• [45] ”ISO/IEC 17025,” Accessed on: Dec. 15, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/ISO-IEC-17025-testingand-calibration-laboratories.html.
• [46] ”Scenes of Crime Examination Best Practice Manual,” ENSFI Scenes of Crime Working Group, Available: http://library .college.police.uk/docs/appref/ENFSI-BPM-v1 0.pdf.
• [47] M. Walport, C. Craig, E. Surkovic. ”Forensic Science And Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance And Assurance,” Government Offiice for Science.
• [48] J.G. Cino. ”Forensic evidence largely not supported by sound science – now what?,” 2016. Accessed on: Dec. 5, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://theconversation.com/forensic-evidencelargely-not-supported-by-sound-science-now-what-67413.
• [49] M.N. Singh, S. Joshi. ”Digital image forensics: progress and challenges,” 31st National convention of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, 2016.
• [50] C. Neumann, ”Fingerprints at the crime-scene: Statistically certain, or probable?,” Significance, 9(1), pp. 21-25 2012.
• [51] L. Haber, R.N. Haber. ”Scientific validation of fingerprint evidence under Daubert,” Law, Probability and Risk, 7(2), pp. 87-109, 2008.
• [52] S. Bramble, D. Compton, L. Klasen. ”Forensic image analysis,” ´ 13th INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium, 19, 2001.
• [53] ”Compendium Of Fingerprint Equipments,” 2018. Accessed on: Oct. 13, 2019. [Online]. Available: http:// ncrb.gov.in/Bureau Divisions/CFPB/pdf/Miscellaneous/Compendium%20of%20Fin gerPrint%20Equiments-2018.pdf.
• [54] T.F. Wilson. ”Planning for Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) Implementation,” 1988. Accessed on: Nov. 3, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdf files1/Digitization/115419NCJRS.pdf.
• [55] R. Tredinnick, S. Smith, K. Ponto. ”A cost-benefit analysis of 3D scanning technology for crime scene investigation,” Forensic Science International: Reports, 2019.
• [56] ”Forenscope Temassız Parmak ˙Izi Tanıma,” Accessed on: Dec. 12, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.forenscope. com/tr/products/contactless-fingerprint.
• [57] ”The Vampire Tactical Forensic Device,” Accessed on: Dec. 12, 2019. [Online]. https: //www.boozallen.com/e/insight /publication/the-vampire-tactical-forensic-device.html.
• [58] ”Kriminal Delil Fotograflama Seti,” Accessed on: Dec. 12, ˘ 2019. [Online]. https://papilon.com.tr/tr/urunler/kriminal-analizcihazlari/fosko/.
• [59] A.K. Jain, Y. Chen, M. Demirkus. ”Pores and ridges: Highresolution fingerprint matching using level 3 features,” IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 29 (1), pp. 15-27, 2007.
• [60] J. Li, J. Feng, C.C.J. Kuo. ”Deep convolutional neural network for latent fingerprint enhancement,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, 60, pp. 52-63, 2018.
• [61] ”Big Data architecture delivered successfully,” Accessed on: Dec. 14, 2019. [Online]. Available: https: //www.hitachivantara .com/en-us/pdfd/case-study/uidai-case-study.pdf.
• [62] R. King. ”World’s largest biometrics database leverages Big Data architecture,” Available: https://www.biometricupdate.com /201512/worlds-largest-biometrics-database-leverages-big-dataarchitecture, 2015.
• [63] A.S. Falohun, O.D. Fenwa, F.A. Ajala. ”A Fingerprint-based Age and Gender Detector System using Fingerprint Pattern Analysis,” International Journal of Computer Applications, 136(4), pp. 43-48, 2016.
• [64] J.A.Y. Hal, D. Kimura. ”Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men,” Behavioral Neuroscience, 108(6), 1994.
• [65] M.D Nithin, B.M. Balaraj, B. Manjunatha, S.C. Mestri. ”Study of fingerprint classification and their gender distribution among South Indian population,” Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 16(8), pp. 460-463, 2009.
• [66] M.D Nithin, B. Manjunatha, D.S. Preethi, B.M Balaraj. ”Gender differentiation by finger ridge count among South Indian population,” Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 18(2), pp. 79-81, 2011.
• [67] A.M. Badawi, M. Mahfouz, R. Tadross, R. Jantz. ”FingerprintBased Gender Classification,” Image Processing and Computer Vision, 6, pp. 41-46, 2006.
• [68] N. Ozkaya, S. Sagiroglu. ”Intelligent face border generation system from fingerprints,” IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, pp. 2169-2176, 2008.
• [69] S. Sagiroglu, N. Ozkaya. ”Artificial neural network based automatic face parts prediction system from only fingerprints,” Computational Intelligence in Biometrics: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, pp. 77-83, 2009.
• [70] S. Siva, J. Abinaya, S.S. Raja. ”A Cost-Effective Method for Blood Group Detection Using Fingerprints,” International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work, 2(3), 2019.
• [71] N.C. Prashantha, K.P. Nabil Abdulla, S. Gurumurthy. ”Age Determination from Obtained Fingerprint Using 2D Discrete Wavelet Transforms and Support Vector Machine,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering, 5(5), 2016.
• [72] A.K. Saxena, S. Sharma, V.K. Chaurasiya. ”Neural network based human age-group estimation in curvelet domain,” Procedia Computer Science, 54, pp. 781-789, 2015.
• [73] R. Bansal, P. Sehgal, P. Bedi. ”Minutiae extraction from fingerprint images-a review,” International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 8(5), 2011.
• [74] M. Aydın, N. Karakus¸, O. C¸ etin, C.M. Solak, D. Bahadir. ”Olay Yeri ˙Inceleme Teknikleri Temel Egitim Kitabı,” ˘ Kriminal Polis Laboratuarları Dairesi Bas¸kanlıgı Yayını ˘ , 2006.
• [75] ”Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward,” 2009. Accessed on: Dec. 12, 2019. [Online]. The National Academic Press, Available: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdf files1/nij/grants/228091.pdf.
• [76] S.L. Cooper. ”Challenges to fingerprint identification evidence: Why the courts need a new approach to finality,” Mitchell Hamline Law Review, 42, 2016.
• [77] G.S. Bumbrah, R.M. Sharma, O.P. Jasuja. ”Emerging latent fingerprint technologies: a review,” Research and Reports in Forensic Medical Science, 6, pp. 39-50, 2016.