Music Students' Use of Mobile Applications for Learning Purposes

Abstract

This paper analyzes the use of mobile applications for learning purposes by music education department students. The survey design was used as the research method. The Mobile Application Usage in Music Learning scale developed by the researcher was used as a data collection tool. After the validity and reliability studies were carried out, the scale was applied to 505 music education students from 5 universities. As a result of the research: It was found that the mobile application usage levels of the music education students were moderate, mobile application usage levels changed according to gender but did not change according to grade level, musical instrument type, and operating system used. At the end of the research, suggestions were made about the participant groups, the use of the scale, and mobile applications.

Keywords

• Music education
• scale development
• mobile learning
• mobile application.
• Music education, scale development, mobile learning, mobile application.

References

1. Ardies, J., De Maeyer, S., Gijbels, D., & van Keulen, H. (2015). Students attitudes towards technology. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 25(1), 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9268-x
2. Ayhan, A., & Ertekin, B. (2017). Notasyon videoları yoluyla solfej eğitimi çalışmaları üzerine bir değerlendirme: Muzikolaj örneği [An evaluation on solfeggio training studies through notation videos: An example of musicolage]. In A. Bakla, H. Demiröz, &
3. A. Çekiç (Eds.), Uluslararası Eğitim Teknolojileri Sempozyumu (pp. 25–38). Cumhuriyet University.
4. Bannerman, J. K., & O’Leary, E. J. (2020). Digital natives unplugged: Challenging assumptions of preservice music educators’ technological skills. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083720951462
5. Bauer, W., & Dammers, R. (2016). Technology in music teacher education: A national survey. Research Perspectives in Music Education, 18(1), 2–15. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmea/rpme/2016/00000018/00000001/art00001
6. Bayyurt, Y., Erçetin, G., & Karataş, N. B. (2014). The stages in mobile-assisted language learning material development. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 339–351). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
7. Birch, H. J. S. (2017). Potential of SoundCloud for mobile learning in music education: A pilot study. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 11(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2017.080895
8. Borba, M. C., Askar, P., Engelbrecht, J., Gadanidis, G., Llinares, S., & Aguilar, M. S. (2016). Blended learning, e-learning and mobile learning in mathematics education. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 48(5), 589–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0798-4

9. Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2005). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13. Routledge.
10. Burden, K., & Kearney, M. (2016). Conceptualising authentic mobile learning. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 27–43). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_2
11. Burton, S. L., & Pearsall, A. (2016). Music-based iPad app preferences of young children. Research Studies in Music Education, 38(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X16642630
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş.; Çakmak, E. K.; Akgün, Ö. E.; Karadeniz, S.; Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Akademi.
13. Can, A. (2016). Spss ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS]. Pegem Akademi.
14. Çelik, A. (2013). M-öğrenme tutum ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri. [M-learning attitude scale: Validity and reliability analyzes]. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(4), 2146–9199.
15. Chen, C. W. J. (2015). Mobile learning: Using application Auralbook to learn aural skills. International Journal of Music Education, 33(2), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761414533308
16. Chmielarz, W. (2020). The usage of smartphone and mobile applications from the point of view of customers in Poland. Information, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/INFO11040220
17. Chong, E. K. M. (2019). Teaching and learning music theory in the age of AI and mobile technologies. International Journal for Digital Society, 10(3), 1505–1509. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijds.2040.2570.2019.0186
18. Chou, C. C., Block, L., & Jesness, R. (2012). A case study of mobile learning pilot project in K-12 schools. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.0502.02
19. Cook, J., & Santos, P. (2016). Three phases of mobile learning state of the art and case of mobile help seeking tool for the health care sector. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 315–335). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_17
20. Crawford, S., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2015). Use of mobile digital technology and iPod touches in physical education. In Y. A. Zhang (Ed.), Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning (pp. 499–509). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54146-9_7
21. Crompton, H. (2016). The theory of context-aware ubiquitous learning and the affordances of this approach for geometry learners. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 303–315). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_18
22. Debevc, M., Weiss, J., Šorgo, A., & Kožuh, I. (2020). Solfeggio learning and the influence of a mobile application based on visual, auditory and tactile modalities. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(1), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12792
23. Demirtaş, E. (2019). Bireysel çalgı dersi için ters yüz sınıf modeline uygun mobil uygulama önerisi [Mobile application proposal suitable for the flipped classroom model for individual instrument lessons]. In H. Yücel & S. Türkel Oter (Eds.), Müzik Kültürüne Dair Çeşitli Görüşler III (pp. 247–258). Eğitim Yayınevi.
24. Doherty, B. (2018). The role of content, pedagogical, and technological knowledge in explaining music teacher self-efficacy. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/2219196002/3D20C04A288C438CPQ/8?accountid=11054
25. Dyson, L. E. (2014). A vodcast project in the workplace: Understanding students’ learning processes outside the classroom. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 258–272). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
26. Ekici, M. (2018). Mobil teknoloji tabanlı öğrenme uygulamalarının bilimsel düşünme süreci üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effect of mobile technology-based learning applications on scientific thinking process] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
27. Fahlman, D. (2014). Nurses’ work-based mobile learning. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 300–304). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
28. Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
29. Fulcher, L. J. (2017). Use of web-based tools in musical communities from three perspectives. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1986284432/58A13A52E6314FA9PQ/13?accountid=11054
30. Gaines, J. M. (2018). Music technology and the conservatory curriculum. (Doctoral dissertation). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7916/d8j11kpq
31. Galanek, J. D., Gierdowski, D. C., & Brooks, D. C. (2018). Educause Center For Analysis And Research ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology , 2018. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2018/10/2018-students-and-technology-research-study
32. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step a: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
33. Gilbert, A. D. (2015). An exploration of the use of and the attitudes toward technology in first-year instrumental music. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1678954526/5BA29D50161E4EE0PQ/17?accountid=11054
34. Gorgoretti, B. (2019). The use of technology in music education in North Cyprus according to student music teachers. South African Journal of Education, 39(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1436
35. Gu, N. (2016). Implementing a mobile app as a personal learning environment for workplace learners. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 285–303). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_17
36. Haning, M. (2015). Are they ready to teach with technology? An investigation of technology instruction in music teacher education programs. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 25(3), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083715577696
37. Hendrickson, A. E., & White, P. O. (1964). Promax: A quick method for rotation to oblique simple structure. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 17(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1964.tb00244.x
38. Herrington, A., & Herrington, J. (2007). Authentic mobile learning in higher education. In International Educational Research Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNICONSMCL.2006.103
39. Hilao, M. P., & Wichadee, S. (2017). Gender differences in mobile phone usage for language learning, attitude, and performance. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18(2), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.306558
40. Huseynov, F. (2020). Mobile application usage analysis of Android users in Turkey. In Euroasia Summit Congress on Scientific Researches and Recent Trends-6. Baku. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342260679_MOBILE_APPLICATION_USAGE_ANALYSIS_of_ANDROID_USERS_in_TURKEY
41. Hwang, K. H., Chan-Olmsted, S. M., Nam, S. H., & Chang, B. H. (2016). Factors affecting mobile application usage: Exploring the roles of gender, age, and application types from behaviour log data. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 14(3), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2016.076285
42. Ilic, P. (2014). The relationship between students, mobile phones and their homework. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 146–156). Springer.
43. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
44. Kamiyama, T., Hisazumi, K., Inamura, H., Konishi, T., Ohta, K., & Fukuda, A. (2016). Smartphone usage analysis based on actual-use survey. In MobiCASE 2016 - 8th EAI International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications and Services. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-11-2016.2267052
45. Kelekçi Olgun, M. (2018). Okul öncesi sanat eğitimi için geliştirilen grafik aplikasyon öğrenme modeli [Graphic application learning model developed for pre-school art education] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
46. Kell, T., & Wanderley, M. M. (2014). A high-level review of mappings in musical iOS applications. In Proceedings - 40th International Computer Music Conference, ICMC 2014 (pp. 565–572). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298981497_A_High-Level_Review_of_Mappings_in_Musical_iOS_Applications/citations
47. Kell, T., Wanderley, M. M., & Kit, D. (2013). A Quantitative Review of Mappings in Musical iOS Applications. Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference, 473–480. https://www-archive.idmil.org/_media/publications/2013/kell_2013_smc.pdf
48. Khoo, K. Y. (2016). Enacting app-based learning activities with viewing and representing skills in preschool mathematics lessons. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 351–373). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_21
49. Khoury, S. (2017). Improvise: Research-creation of a framework and software prototype for creative music learning with technology. (Doctoral dissertation). https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/1j92g990s
50. Kim, Y., Briley, D. A., & Ocepek, M. G. (2015). Differential innovation of smartphone and application use by sociodemographics and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.059
51. Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
52. Lehimler, E. (2019). The evaluation of music teacher candidates’ awareness of music applications and software, their frequency of use and purpose of use. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(10), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i10.4381
53. Liaw, S., & Huang, H. (2011). A study of investigating learners attitudes toward e-learning. In The Fifth International Conference on Distance Learning and Education (Vol. 12, pp. 28–32). http://www.ipcsit.com/vol12/6-ICDLE2011E0014.pdf
54. Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5–55.
55. McQuiggan, S., Kosturko, L., McQuiggan, J., & Sabourin, J. (2015). Mobile learning, a handbook for developers, educators, and learners. Wiley.
56. Melo, X., & Çomo, A. (2016). Mobile learning: a case study in physical chemistry laboratory. European Journal of Education Studies, 1(3), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55078
57. Milis, K., Wessa, P., Poelmans, S., Doom, C., & Bloemen, E. (2008). The impact of gender on the acceptance of virtual learning environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, International Association of Technology, Education and Development. http://www.wessa.net/download/iceripaper2.pdf
58. Morgan, G., Leech, N., Gloeckner, G., & Barrett, K. (2011). IBM SPSS for introductory statistics: Use and interpretation. Routledge.
59. Ng, S. C., Lui, A. K. F., & Kwok, A. C. H. (2015). Easy-to-learn piano: A mobile application for learning basic music theory and piano skill. In J. Lam, K. Ng, S. Cheung, T. Wong, K. Li, & F.
60. Wang (Eds.), Technology in Education Technology-Mediated Proactive Learning (Vol. 559, pp. 133–142). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48978-9
61. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGRAW-HILL.
62. Okazaki, S., & Santos, L. M. R. (2012). Understanding e-learning adoption in Brazil: Major determinants and gender effects. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(4), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1266
63. Özdamar Keskin, N. (2011). Akademisyenler için mobil öğrenme sisteminin geliştirilmesi ve sınanması [Development and testing of a mobile learning system for academics] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
64. Pachler, N., Cook, J., & Bachmair, B. (2010). Appropriation of mobile cultural resources for learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 2(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2010010101
65. Palazón, J., & Giráldez, A. (2018). QR codes for instrumental performance in the music classroom. International Journal of Music Education, 36(3), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761418771992
66. Parasız, G. (2018). The use of music technologies in field education courses and daily lives of music education department students (sample of Atatürk university). Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060521
67. Parsons, D. (2017). Mobile learning policy formulation and enactment in New Zealand. In A. Murphy, H. Farley, L. E. Dyson, & H. Jones (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 423–443). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4944-6_21
68. Pegrum, M. (2019). Mobile lenses on learning. Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1240-7
69. Pimmer, C., & Pachler, N. (2014). Mobile learning in the workplace: unlocking the value of mobile technology for work-based education. In M. Ally & A. Tsinakos (Eds.), Increasing Access through Mobile Learning (pp. 193–205). Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University.
70. Prieto, J. C. S., Migueláñez, S. O., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Behavioral intention of use of mobile technologies among pre-service teachers: Implementation of a technology adoption model based on TAM with the constructs of compatibility and resistance to change. In 2015 International
71. Pryss, R., Schlee, W., Hoppenstedt, B., Reichert, M., Spiliopoulou, M., Langguth, B., Probst, T. (2020). Applying machine learning to daily-life data from the trackyourtinnitus mobile health crowdsensing platform to predict the mobile operating system used with high accuracy: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e15547. https://doi.org/10.2196/15547
72. Raman, A., Don, Y., Khalid, R., & Rizuan, M. (2014). Usage of learning management system (Moodle) among postgraduate students: UTAUT model. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p186
73. Salentiny, A. (2012). Analysis of preservice teacher and instructor technology uses and beliefs. (Doctoral dissertation). https://commons.und.edu/theses/1268/
74. Shah, H. (2020). App usage statistics 2020. https://www.simform.com/the-state-of-mobile-app-usage/
75. Song, D., & Kim, P. (2015). Inquiry-based mobilized math classroom with Stanford mobile inquiry-based learning environment (SMILE). In H. Crompton & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile Learning and Mathematics (pp. 33–47). Routledge.
76. Steel, C. H. (2017). Enabling effective mobile language learning: Students’ perspectives, wants and needs. In A. Murphy, H. Farley, L. E. Dyson, & H. Jones (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 523–541). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4944-6_25
77. Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Akademik.
78. Traxler, J. (2010). Students and mobile devices. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 18(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687769.2010.492847
79. Unesco. (2015). Rethinking education towards a global common good ? Unesco. https://unevoc.unesco.org/e-forum/RethinkingEducation.pdf
80. Upitis, R., Abrami, P. C., & Boese, K. (2016). The use of digital tools by independent music teachers. In I. A. Sanchez & P. Isaias (Eds.), 12th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2016 (pp. 108–112). Vilamoura: International Association for Development of the Information Society. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED571442.pdf
81. van der Kaay, C. D., & Young, W. H. (2012). Age-related differences in technology usage among community college faculty. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36(8), 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920903054865
82. Ventura, M. D. (2017). Creating inspiring learning environments by means of digital technologies: A case study of the effectiveness of WhatsApp in music education. In G. Vincenti, A.
83. Bucciero, M. Helfert, & M. Glowatz (Eds.), E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (Vol. 180, pp. 36–45). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49625-2_5
84. Wai, I. S. H., Ng, S. S. Y., Chiu, D. K. W., Ho, K. K. W., & Lo, P. (2018). Exploring undergraduate students’ usage pattern of mobile apps for education. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000616662699
85. Webster, P. R., & Williams, D. B. (2018). Technology’s role for achieving creativity, diversity and integration in the American undergraduate music curriculum: Some theoretical, historical and practical perspectives. Journal of Music, Technology and Education, 11(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmte.11.1.5_1
86. Wong, G. K. W. (2016). A new wave of innovation using mobile learning analytics for flipped classroom. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T.
87. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 189–218). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_12
88. YÖK. (2020). Yükseköğretim Kurulu [The Council of Higher Education]. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr