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Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 859 - 871, 01.12.2014

Öz

The share of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) will greatly increase in the coming years. This vast deployment will create challenges of integration in the power system. Especially in the residential areas where mostly charging will take place. It’s imperative to propose solutions to minimize the future impacts caused by the PEVs. In this paper we use Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm for optimal charged the PEV. The strategy works under constraints that the vehicle should reach the full State-of-Charge (SOC) at the departure time and the charge power should be constant during all time when the PEV is at home. The application of the DP algorithm on 10,000 real case studies shows that the approach proposed is a Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) concept because it allows cost savings at users. The financial gains obtained by a French PEV user can reach 22.9%. In addition, it is shown that the strategy proposed is also a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept because it allows at the distribution electric grid manager to preserve the grid elements such as the life duration of a low voltage transformer.

Kaynakça

  • Karsten Hedegaard, Hans Ravn, Nina Juul, Peter Meibom, “Effects of electric vehicles on power systems in Northern Europe,” Elsevier Energy, Vol.48, no.1, pp.356-368, December 2012.
  • Turker, H.; Bacha, S.; Chatroux, D., “Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on the French electric grid,” Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES, pp.1-8, 11-13 October 2010.
  • H. Turker, A. Florescu, S. Bacha, D. Chatroux, “Load Rates of Low Voltage Transformers and Medium Voltage Profile Assessments on a Real Distribution Electric Grid based on Average Daily Load Profile (DLP) of a Housing for a High Penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2011 IEEE PES, pp. 1-8., 6-9 September 2011.
  • L. P. Fernandez, T. G. S. Roman, R. Cossent, C. M. Domingo, P. Frias, “Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Networks,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.26, No.1, pp. 1-8, February 2011.
  • Robert C. Green II, Lingfeng Wang, Mansoor Alam, “The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook,” Elsevier Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.15, no.1, pp.544-553, January 2011.
  • S. Deilami, A.S. Masoum, P.S. Moses, M.A.S. Masoum, “Voltage Profile and THD Distortion of Residential Network with High Penetration of Plug-in Electrical Vehicle,”
  • Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES, pp.1-6, 11-13 October 2010. Grid
  • Technologies [7] H. Turker, A. Florescu, S. Bacha, D. Chatroux, “Voltage profile and excess subscription assessments indexes based on random selection of real Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) on residential electric grid areas for a high penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2011 IEEE PES, pp. 1-5., 6-9 September 2011.
  • Staats, P. T.; Grady, W.M.; Arapostathis, A.; Thallam, R. S., “A procedure for derating a substation transformer in the presence of widespread electric vehicle battery charging,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.12, no.4, pp.1562-1568, October 1997. [9] Agah, S.M.M.; Abyaneh, H.A.,
  • “Distribution Transformer Loss-of-Life Reduction by Increasing Penetration of Distributed Generation,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.26, no.2, pp.1128-1136, April 2011. [10]
  • Turker, H.; Bacha, S.; Chatroux, D.; Hably, A., “Low-Voltage Transformer Loss-of-Life Assessments for a High Penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.27, no.3, pp.1323-1331, July 2012. [11]
  • Rutherford, M.J.; Yousefzadeh, V., “The impact of Electric Vehicle battery charging on distribution transformers,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE, pp.396-400, 6-11 March 2011. [12]
  • Argade, S.; Aravinthan, V.; Jewell, W., “Probabilistic modeling of EV charging and its impact on distribution transformer loss of life,” Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2012 IEEE International, pp.1-8, 4-8 March 2012. [13]
  • Richardson, P.; Flynn, D.; Keane, A., “Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution
  • Transactions on, vol.27, no.1, pp.268-279, February 2012. Power Systems, IEEE [14]
  • Hajimiragha, A.H.; Canizares, C.A.; Fowler, M.W.; Moazeni, S.; Elkamel, A., “A Robust Optimization Approach for Planning the Transition to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.26, no.4, pp.2264-2274, November 2011. [15]
  • Karnama, A.; Resende, F.O.; Lopes, J.A.P., “Optimal management of battery charging of electric vehicles: A new microgrid feature,” PowerTech, 2011 IEEE Trondheim, pp.1-8, 19-23 June 2011. [16]
  • Karfopoulos, E. L.; Hatziargyriou, N. D., “A Multi- Agent System for Controlled Charging of a Large Population of Electric Vehicles,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.28, no.2, pp.1196-1204, May 2013. [17]
  • Sortomme, E.; Hindi, M.M.; MacPherson, S.D.J.; Venkata, S.S., “Coordinated Charging of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Minimize Distribution System Losses,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol.2, no.1, pp.198-205, March 2011. [18]
  • C.H. Dharmakeerthi, N. Mithulananthan, T.K. Saha, “Impact of electric vehicle fast charging on power system voltage stability,” Elsevier International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol.57, pp.241- 249, May 2014. [19]
  • D.Q. Oliveira, A.C. Zambroni de Souza, L.F.N. Delboni, “Optimal plug-in hybrid electric vehicles recharge in distribution power systems,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.98, pp.77-85, May 2013. [20]
  • Q. Gong, S. Midlam-Mohler, V. Marano, G. Rizzoni, “Study of PEV Charging on Residential Distribution Transformer Life,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 404-412, March 2012. [21]
  • A. D. Hilshey, P. D. H. Hines, P. Rezaei, J. R. Dowds, “Estimating the Impact of Electric Vehicle Smart Charging on Distribution Transformer Aging,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 905-913, June 2013. [22]
  • J. M. Sexauer, K. D. McBee, K. A. Bloch, “Application of Probability Model to Analyze the Effects of Electric
  • Transformers,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.28, No.2, pp. 847-854, May 2013. [23]
  • Ghazal Razeghi, Li Zhang, Tim Brown, Scott Samuelsen, “Impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential transformer using stochastic and empirical analysis,” Elsevier Journal of Power Sources, Vol.252, pp.277-285, April 2014. [24]
  • Y. Cao, S. Tang, C. Li, P. Zhang, Y. Tan, Z. Zhang, J. Li, “An Optimized EV Charging Model Considering TOU Price and SOC Curve,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 388-393, March 2012. [25]
  • Alessandro Di Giorgio, Francesco Liberati, Silvia Canale, “Electric vehicles charging control in a smart grid: A model predictive control approach,” Elsevier Control Engineering Practice, Vol.22, pp.147-162, January 2014. [26]
  • Wencong Su, Jianhui Wang, Kuilin Zhang, Alex Q. Huang, “Model predictive control based power dispatch for distribution system considering plug-in electric vehicle uncertainty,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.106, pp.29-35, January 2014. [27]
  • A. Sheikhi, Sh. Bahrami, A.M. Ranjbar, H. Oraee, “Strategic charging method for plugged in hybrid electric vehicles in smart grids; a game theoretic approach,” Elsevier International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol.53, pp.499-506, December 2013. [28]
  • Alireza Zakariazadeh, Shahram Jadid, Pierluigi Siano, “Multi-objective scheduling of electric vehicles in smart distribution system,” Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management, Vol.79, pp.43-53, March 2014. [29]
  • F.J. Soares, P.M. Rocha Almeida, J.A. Pecas Lopes, “Quasi-real-time management of Electric Vehicles charging,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 108, pp.293-303, March 2014. [30]
  • Turker, H.; Bacha, S.; Chatroux, D.; Hably, A., “Modelling of system components for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) applications with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2012 IEEE PES, pp.1- 8, 16-20 January 2012. [31]
  • Observatoire Social de Lyon, “Enquête auprès des salariés d'Île-de-France sur les transports en commun domicile-travail,” February 2010. [32]
  • Kong Soon Ng, Chin-Sien Moo, Yi-Ping Chen, Yao-Ching Hsieh, “Enhanced coulomb counting method for estimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lithium-ion batteries,” Elsevier Applied Energy, Vol. 86, pp.1506-1511, September 2009. [33]
  • F.R. Salmasi, “Control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: Evolution, classification, comparison, and future trends,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, pages 2393-2404, 2007. [34]
  • H. Abou-Kandil. “La commande optimale des systèmes dynamiques.”Book Lavoisier, 2004. [35]
  • E. Laroche. “Commande optimale.”Technical report, Technical report of École Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg, 2009-2010. [36]
  • I. Michael Ross. “A Primer on Pontryagin’s Principle in Optimal Control.” Book, 2009. [37]
  • Moshe Sniedovich. “Dynamic Programming: Foundations and Principles,” Second Edition. Book CRC Press, 2010. [38]
  • www.epexspot.com/fr/ (October 9, 2013) [39]
  • IEEE Guide for loading mineral oil immersed transformers. C57-91, 1995. [40]
  • CEI Loading guide for oil immersed power transformers. 60076-7, 2005. [41]
  • K. Najdenkoski, G. Rafajlovski, and V. Dimcev, “Thermal aging of distribution transformers according to ieee and iec standards,” Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007 IEEE, pp.1-5, 24-28 June 2007. [42]
  • J. W. Stahlhut, G. T. Heydt, and N. J. Selover, “A preliminary assessment of the impact of ambient temperature rise on distribution transformer loss-of-life,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.23, no.4, pp.2000-2007, October 2008. [43]
  • Wilfried Frelin, “Impact de la pollution harmonique sur les matériels de réseau.”PhD thesis, Ecole Supérieure d'Électricité - Université Paris 11, 2009. [44]
  • J. A. Jardini, H. P. Schmidt, C. M. V. Tahan, C. C. B. Oliveira, S. U. Ahn, “Distribution Transformer Loss of Life Evaluation: A Novel Approach Based on Daily Load Profiles,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.15, No.1, pp. 361-366, January 2000.
Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 859 - 871, 01.12.2014

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Karsten Hedegaard, Hans Ravn, Nina Juul, Peter Meibom, “Effects of electric vehicles on power systems in Northern Europe,” Elsevier Energy, Vol.48, no.1, pp.356-368, December 2012.
  • Turker, H.; Bacha, S.; Chatroux, D., “Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on the French electric grid,” Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES, pp.1-8, 11-13 October 2010.
  • H. Turker, A. Florescu, S. Bacha, D. Chatroux, “Load Rates of Low Voltage Transformers and Medium Voltage Profile Assessments on a Real Distribution Electric Grid based on Average Daily Load Profile (DLP) of a Housing for a High Penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2011 IEEE PES, pp. 1-8., 6-9 September 2011.
  • L. P. Fernandez, T. G. S. Roman, R. Cossent, C. M. Domingo, P. Frias, “Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Networks,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.26, No.1, pp. 1-8, February 2011.
  • Robert C. Green II, Lingfeng Wang, Mansoor Alam, “The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook,” Elsevier Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.15, no.1, pp.544-553, January 2011.
  • S. Deilami, A.S. Masoum, P.S. Moses, M.A.S. Masoum, “Voltage Profile and THD Distortion of Residential Network with High Penetration of Plug-in Electrical Vehicle,”
  • Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES, pp.1-6, 11-13 October 2010. Grid
  • Technologies [7] H. Turker, A. Florescu, S. Bacha, D. Chatroux, “Voltage profile and excess subscription assessments indexes based on random selection of real Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) on residential electric grid areas for a high penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2011 IEEE PES, pp. 1-5., 6-9 September 2011.
  • Staats, P. T.; Grady, W.M.; Arapostathis, A.; Thallam, R. S., “A procedure for derating a substation transformer in the presence of widespread electric vehicle battery charging,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.12, no.4, pp.1562-1568, October 1997. [9] Agah, S.M.M.; Abyaneh, H.A.,
  • “Distribution Transformer Loss-of-Life Reduction by Increasing Penetration of Distributed Generation,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.26, no.2, pp.1128-1136, April 2011. [10]
  • Turker, H.; Bacha, S.; Chatroux, D.; Hably, A., “Low-Voltage Transformer Loss-of-Life Assessments for a High Penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.27, no.3, pp.1323-1331, July 2012. [11]
  • Rutherford, M.J.; Yousefzadeh, V., “The impact of Electric Vehicle battery charging on distribution transformers,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE, pp.396-400, 6-11 March 2011. [12]
  • Argade, S.; Aravinthan, V.; Jewell, W., “Probabilistic modeling of EV charging and its impact on distribution transformer loss of life,” Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2012 IEEE International, pp.1-8, 4-8 March 2012. [13]
  • Richardson, P.; Flynn, D.; Keane, A., “Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution
  • Transactions on, vol.27, no.1, pp.268-279, February 2012. Power Systems, IEEE [14]
  • Hajimiragha, A.H.; Canizares, C.A.; Fowler, M.W.; Moazeni, S.; Elkamel, A., “A Robust Optimization Approach for Planning the Transition to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.26, no.4, pp.2264-2274, November 2011. [15]
  • Karnama, A.; Resende, F.O.; Lopes, J.A.P., “Optimal management of battery charging of electric vehicles: A new microgrid feature,” PowerTech, 2011 IEEE Trondheim, pp.1-8, 19-23 June 2011. [16]
  • Karfopoulos, E. L.; Hatziargyriou, N. D., “A Multi- Agent System for Controlled Charging of a Large Population of Electric Vehicles,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.28, no.2, pp.1196-1204, May 2013. [17]
  • Sortomme, E.; Hindi, M.M.; MacPherson, S.D.J.; Venkata, S.S., “Coordinated Charging of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Minimize Distribution System Losses,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol.2, no.1, pp.198-205, March 2011. [18]
  • C.H. Dharmakeerthi, N. Mithulananthan, T.K. Saha, “Impact of electric vehicle fast charging on power system voltage stability,” Elsevier International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol.57, pp.241- 249, May 2014. [19]
  • D.Q. Oliveira, A.C. Zambroni de Souza, L.F.N. Delboni, “Optimal plug-in hybrid electric vehicles recharge in distribution power systems,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.98, pp.77-85, May 2013. [20]
  • Q. Gong, S. Midlam-Mohler, V. Marano, G. Rizzoni, “Study of PEV Charging on Residential Distribution Transformer Life,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 404-412, March 2012. [21]
  • A. D. Hilshey, P. D. H. Hines, P. Rezaei, J. R. Dowds, “Estimating the Impact of Electric Vehicle Smart Charging on Distribution Transformer Aging,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 905-913, June 2013. [22]
  • J. M. Sexauer, K. D. McBee, K. A. Bloch, “Application of Probability Model to Analyze the Effects of Electric
  • Transformers,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.28, No.2, pp. 847-854, May 2013. [23]
  • Ghazal Razeghi, Li Zhang, Tim Brown, Scott Samuelsen, “Impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential transformer using stochastic and empirical analysis,” Elsevier Journal of Power Sources, Vol.252, pp.277-285, April 2014. [24]
  • Y. Cao, S. Tang, C. Li, P. Zhang, Y. Tan, Z. Zhang, J. Li, “An Optimized EV Charging Model Considering TOU Price and SOC Curve,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 388-393, March 2012. [25]
  • Alessandro Di Giorgio, Francesco Liberati, Silvia Canale, “Electric vehicles charging control in a smart grid: A model predictive control approach,” Elsevier Control Engineering Practice, Vol.22, pp.147-162, January 2014. [26]
  • Wencong Su, Jianhui Wang, Kuilin Zhang, Alex Q. Huang, “Model predictive control based power dispatch for distribution system considering plug-in electric vehicle uncertainty,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.106, pp.29-35, January 2014. [27]
  • A. Sheikhi, Sh. Bahrami, A.M. Ranjbar, H. Oraee, “Strategic charging method for plugged in hybrid electric vehicles in smart grids; a game theoretic approach,” Elsevier International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol.53, pp.499-506, December 2013. [28]
  • Alireza Zakariazadeh, Shahram Jadid, Pierluigi Siano, “Multi-objective scheduling of electric vehicles in smart distribution system,” Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management, Vol.79, pp.43-53, March 2014. [29]
  • F.J. Soares, P.M. Rocha Almeida, J.A. Pecas Lopes, “Quasi-real-time management of Electric Vehicles charging,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 108, pp.293-303, March 2014. [30]
  • Turker, H.; Bacha, S.; Chatroux, D.; Hably, A., “Modelling of system components for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) applications with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs),” Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2012 IEEE PES, pp.1- 8, 16-20 January 2012. [31]
  • Observatoire Social de Lyon, “Enquête auprès des salariés d'Île-de-France sur les transports en commun domicile-travail,” February 2010. [32]
  • Kong Soon Ng, Chin-Sien Moo, Yi-Ping Chen, Yao-Ching Hsieh, “Enhanced coulomb counting method for estimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lithium-ion batteries,” Elsevier Applied Energy, Vol. 86, pp.1506-1511, September 2009. [33]
  • F.R. Salmasi, “Control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: Evolution, classification, comparison, and future trends,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, pages 2393-2404, 2007. [34]
  • H. Abou-Kandil. “La commande optimale des systèmes dynamiques.”Book Lavoisier, 2004. [35]
  • E. Laroche. “Commande optimale.”Technical report, Technical report of École Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg, 2009-2010. [36]
  • I. Michael Ross. “A Primer on Pontryagin’s Principle in Optimal Control.” Book, 2009. [37]
  • Moshe Sniedovich. “Dynamic Programming: Foundations and Principles,” Second Edition. Book CRC Press, 2010. [38]
  • www.epexspot.com/fr/ (October 9, 2013) [39]
  • IEEE Guide for loading mineral oil immersed transformers. C57-91, 1995. [40]
  • CEI Loading guide for oil immersed power transformers. 60076-7, 2005. [41]
  • K. Najdenkoski, G. Rafajlovski, and V. Dimcev, “Thermal aging of distribution transformers according to ieee and iec standards,” Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007 IEEE, pp.1-5, 24-28 June 2007. [42]
  • J. W. Stahlhut, G. T. Heydt, and N. J. Selover, “A preliminary assessment of the impact of ambient temperature rise on distribution transformer loss-of-life,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.23, no.4, pp.2000-2007, October 2008. [43]
  • Wilfried Frelin, “Impact de la pollution harmonique sur les matériels de réseau.”PhD thesis, Ecole Supérieure d'Électricité - Université Paris 11, 2009. [44]
  • J. A. Jardini, H. P. Schmidt, C. M. V. Tahan, C. C. B. Oliveira, S. U. Ahn, “Distribution Transformer Loss of Life Evaluation: A Novel Approach Based on Daily Load Profiles,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.15, No.1, pp. 361-366, January 2000.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Harun Turker Bu kişi benim

Seddik Bacha Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Turker, H., & Bacha, S. (2014). Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 4(4), 859-871.
AMA Turker H, Bacha S. Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. Aralık 2014;4(4):859-871.
Chicago Turker, Harun, ve Seddik Bacha. “Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4, sy. 4 (Aralık 2014): 859-71.
EndNote Turker H, Bacha S (01 Aralık 2014) Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4 4 859–871.
IEEE H. Turker ve S. Bacha, “Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, c. 4, sy. 4, ss. 859–871, 2014.
ISNAD Turker, Harun - Bacha, Seddik. “Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4/4 (Aralık 2014), 859-871.
JAMA Turker H, Bacha S. Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2014;4:859–871.
MLA Turker, Harun ve Seddik Bacha. “Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, c. 4, sy. 4, 2014, ss. 859-71.
Vancouver Turker H, Bacha S. Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Residential Areas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2014;4(4):859-71.