The Relationships Between Leisure Satisfaction, Job Performance, and Life Satisfaction: A Sample of Private Sector Employees in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 72 - 82, 30.12.2021

Emrah Serdar , Mehmet Demirel , Cihan Ayhan

https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1025664

Öz

This study aimed to describe the relationships between leisure satisfaction, job performance, and life satisfaction among private-sector employees. The study sample consisted of 347 employees, 158 males, and 189 females, working in a private company in Istanbul. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The data collection tools included the “Leisure Satisfaction Scale”; the "Job Performance Scale", and "Life Satisfaction Scale". The data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, and Pearson Correlation analysis. The analysis results showed no significant difference between the Life-SS and Leisure-SS scores by gender, but there was a difference in the JPS scores. No significant difference was measured in any scales by marital status. There was a significant statistically meaningful difference between the Life-SS and JPS scores by working types, but no difference in the Leisure-SS scores. There was a difference between the Life-SS and JPS scores; the difference in the Leisure-SS scores was not significant. There was a positive and low-level relationship between JPS and Life-SS. Similarly, a positive and low-level relationship was found between the "Psychological," "Educational" and "Social" sub-dimensions of Leisure-SS and Life-SS. However, there was no relationship between the sub-dimensions of JPS and Leisure-SS. In conclusion, there were meaningful differences in all scale scores by specific socio-demographic characteristics; there was a positive correlation between the "Psychological," "Educational" and "Social" sub-dimensions of Leisure-SS and the Life-SS, and that there was no relationship between Leisure-SS, Life-SS, and JPS. As a result, it can be said that as individuals' job performance and leisure time satisfaction increase, their life satisfaction also increases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

leisure satisfaction, job performance, life satisfaction

Serbest Zaman Doyumu, İş Performansı ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye’deki Özel Sektör Çalışanları Örneği

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, özel sektörde çalışan bireylerin serbest zaman doyum düzeyleri, iş performansları ve yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, İstanbul ilinde bulunan, özel sektörde faaliyet gösteren bir şirkette çalışan ve amaçlı örneklemi yöntemi ile seçilen 158 erkek ve 189 kadın olmak üzere toplamda 347 kişi oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, “Serbest Zaman Doyum Ölçeği”, “İşgören Performans Ölçeği” ile “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ise, bağımsız t-testi, ANOVA, MANOVA ve Pearson Korelasyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre, katılımcıların YDÖ ile SZDÖ puanları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmazken, İPÖ puanları arasında farklılık vardır. Medeni duruma göre katılımcıların YDÖ, İPÖ ile SZDÖ puanları arasında farklılık saptanamamıştır. Bireylerin çalışma şekillerine göre YDÖ ile İPÖ puanları arasında farklılık varken, SZDÖ puanları arasında farklılık görülmemektedir. İPÖ ile YDÖ arasında pozitif ve düşük düzeyde bir ilişki, SZDÖ’nın “Psikolojik”, “Eğitimsel” ve “Sosyal” alt boyutları ile YDÖ arasında pozitif ve düşük düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. İPÖ ile SZDÖ’nın alt boyutları arasında ilişki olmadığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bireylerin sosyo-demografik özelliklerine göre SZDÖ, YDÖ ile İPÖ düzeylerinin farklılık gösterdiği ve İPÖ ile YDÖ ve SZDÖ arasında ilişki olmadığı, SZDÖ’nın “Psikolojik”, “Eğitimsel” ve “Sosyal” alt boyutları ile YDÖ arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bireylerin iş performansları ve serbest zaman doyumları arttıkça yaşam doyumlarının da artış gösterdiği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Serbest zaman doyumu, yaşam doyumu, iş performansı

Kaynakça

• Agyar, E. (2014). Contribution of perceived freedom and leisure satisfaction to life satisfaction in a sample of Turkish women. Social Indicators Research, 116, 1–5.
• Alessandri, G., Borgogni, L., Truxillo, D.M. (2015). Tracking Job Performance Trajectories Over Time: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), 560-577.
• Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308–323.
• Antaramian, S. (2017) The İmportance of Very High Life Satisfaction for Students’ Academic Success, Cogent Education, 4(1), 1-10.
• Argan, M., Argan, M.T., Dursun, M.T. (2018). Examining Relationships Among Well-Being, Leisure Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, and Happiness. İnternational Journal of Medical Research &Health Sciences. 7(4), 49-59.
• Aslan, N., Cansever, B.A. (2016). The Behavior of the Turkish Prospective Teachers. Higher Education Studies 6(2), 84-98.
• Azaiza, F., Rimmerman, A., Croitoru, T., Naon, D. (2011). Participation in leisure activities by Arab Adults with intellectual disabilities living in the community. International Journal of Social Welfare. 20(1), 97-103.
• Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, 20–33.
• Borman, W. ve Motowidlo, S. (1997). Task Performance and Contextual Performance: The Meaning for Personal Selection Research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109.
• Bozer, A. ve Yanık, A. (2020). Üniversite Çalışanlarının Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı, İş Tatmini ve İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişki. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 9(1), 125-143.
• Chen, X. P., Eberly, M. B., Chiang, T. J., Farh, J. L., & Cheng, B. S. (2014). Affective trust in Chinese leaders. Linking paternalistic leadership to employee performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), 796–819.
• Cheng, E.H.P., Patterson, I., Packer, J., Pegg, S. (2010). Identifying the Satisfactions Derived from Leisure Gardening by Older Adults. Annals of Leisure Research. 13(3), 395-419.
• Chick, G., Dong, E., & Iarmolenko, S. (2014). Cultural consonance in leisure activities and self-rated health in six cities in China. World Leisure Journal, 56, 110–119.
• Chick, G., Hsu, Y. C., Yeh, C. K., Hsieh, C. M., Bae, S. Y., & Iarmolenko, S. (2016). Cultural consonance in leisure, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction, and self-rated health in urban Taiwan. Leisure Sciences, 38, 402–423.
• Cho, D., Post, J., Kim, S.K. (2017). Comparison of Passive and Active Leisure Activities and Life Satisfaction with Aging. Geriatrics & Gerontology İnternational. 18(3), 380-386.
• Cho, H. (2019). Importance of Leisure Nostalgia on Life Satisfaction and Leisure Participation. The Service Industries Journal. 40(1-2), 90-109.
• Choi, S.H., Fu, X. (2015). Re-examining the Dimensionality of Leisure Motivation and Leisure Satisfaction in a Multicultural Context: Evidence from Macau. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 3(1), 6-10.
• Choi, S.H., Yoo, Y.J. (2017). Leisure Attitude and Satisfaction with Leisure and Life: Proposing Leisure Prioritization and Justification. World Leisure Journal. 59(2), 140-155.
• Chun, S., Lee, Y., Kim, B., Heo, J. (2012). The Contribution of Leisure Participation and Leisure Satisfaction to Stress-Related Growth. Leisure Sciences. 34, 436-449.
• Çakır, V.O., Şahin, S., Serdar, E., Parlakkılıç, Ş. (2016). An Examination of Public Employees the Level of Constraint of Leisure and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 2(2), 135-141.
• Çelik, G., Tercan, E., Lapa, T.Y. (2014). Leisure Constraints and Leisure Satisfaction in The Recreational Activities of Employees with Disabilities. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physiological Education, and Recreation. 36(2), 33-46.
• Çöl, Güner (2008). “Algılanan Güçlendirmenin İşgören Performansı Üzerine Etkileri”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9 (1), 35-46.
• Dattilo J, Schleien SJ (1994). Understanding leisure services for individuals with mental retardation. Mental Retardation 32(1), 53–59.
• Dhani, P., Sharma, T. (2017). Effect of Emotional İntelligence on Job Performance of IT Employees: A Gender Study. Procedia Computer Science. 122, 180-185.
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction Eith Life Scale, Journal of Personality Assessment. 49, 71-75
• Drakou, A., Kambitsis, C., Charachousou, Y., Tzetsis, G. (2006). Exploring Life Satisfaction of Sport Coaches in Greece. European Sport Management Quarterly. 6(3), 239-252.
• Edginton, C.R., Jordan, D.J., DeGraaf, D.G., Edginton, S.R. (2005). Leisure and Life Satisfaction: Foundational Perspectives, 4th ed. McGrae-Hill: New York.
• Eifert, E.K., Hall, M., Smith, P.H. ve Wideman, L. (2019). Quality of Life as A Mediator of Leisure Activity and Perceived Health Among Older Women. Journal of Women & Aging, 31(3), 248-268.
• Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2012). Whistle While You Work: A Review of The Life Satisfaction Literature. Journal of Management, 38, 1038– 1083.
• Ferrans, C. E. (1996). Development of a conceptual model of quality of life. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 10(3), 293–304.
• George, D., Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step. Routledge.
• Gökçe, H., & Orhan, K. (2011). Serbest Zaman Doyum Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlilik Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(4), 139-145.
• Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe. Yöntem, Analiz, Seçkin Yayıncılık: Ankara.
• Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (1998). Musical and religious experiences and their relationship to happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(1), 91-102.
• Holder, M. D., Coleman, B., & Sehn, Z. L. (2009). The contribution of active and passive leisure to children's well-being. Journal of health psychology, 14(3), 378-386.
• Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. (2000). Hierarchical Dimensions of Leisure Stress Coping. Leisure Sciences, 22(3), 163–181.
• Iyer, A., & Jetten, J. (2011). What’s Left Behind: Identity Continuity Moderates the Effect of Nostalgia on Well-Being and Life Choices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 94–108.
• Janet D.N, Sirgy, M.J. Uysal, M. (1999). The Role of Satisfaction with Leisure Travel/Tourism Services and Experience in Satisfaction with Leisure Life and Overall Life. Journal of Business Research. 44(3), 153-163.
• Jex, S. M., Thomas, J. L. (2003), Relations Between Stressors and Group Perceptions: Main and Mediating Effects, Work & Stress, 17 (April), 158–169.
• Kim, S., Sung, J., Park, J., Dittmore, S.W. (2015). The Relationship among Leisure Attitude, Satisfaction, and Psychological Well-Being for College Students. Journal of Physiological Education and Sport. 15(1), 70-76.
• Kirkman, B. L. Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond Self-Management: Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42 Issue 1, 58-74.
• Koç, M.C. ve Er, Y. (2020). Leisure Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction: A Research on Academics. African Educational Research Journal. 8(2), 329-341.
• Korotkov, D., Mcbean, H., & Hamilton, L. (2011). Predicting leisure satisfaction: A comparative analysis of the agency and communion model with the five-factor model of personality. The American Association Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal, 15.
• Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Diener, E. (2008). The Role of Positive and Negative Emotions in Life Satisfaction Judgment Across Nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 66–75.
• Kuykendall, L., Lei, X., Tay, L., Xheung, H.K., Kolze, M., Lindsey, A., Silvers, M., Engelsted, L. (2017). Subjective quality of leisure & worker Well-being: validating measures & testing theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 103, 14-40.
• Liang, J., Yamashita, T., Brown, J.S. (2013). Leisure Satisfaction and Quality of Life in China, Japan, and South Korea: A Comparative Study Using Asia Barometer 2006. Journal Happiness Studies. 14, 753-769.
• Lin, H., Yu, B. (2015). Serious Leisure, Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being of Chinese University Students. Soc. İndic. Res. 122, 159-174.
• Mulki, J.P., Locander, W.B., Marshall, G.W., Harris, E.G., Hensel, J. (2008) Workplace Isolation, Salesperson Commitment, and Job Performance, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 28(1), 67-78,
• Muzindutsi, P.F., Masango, Z. (2015). Determinants of Leisure Satisfaction Among Undergraduate Students at a South African University. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 7(2), 1-15.
• Ngai, V.T. (2005). Leisure Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Macao, China. Leisure Studies. 24(2): 195-207.
• Özmaden, M. (2019). The Investigation of the Relationship between University Students’ Leisure and Life Satisfaction Levels. International Journal of Progressive Education. 15(2), 91-103.
• Payne, L., & Zabriskie, R. (2014). Understanding the Role of Leisure in Life Transitions. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 32(1), 1-6.
• Prentice, C., Thaichon, P. (2019) Revisiting the job performance – burnout relationship, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28, 7, 807-832.
• Pressman, S. D., Matthews, K. A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Schieier, M., Baum, A., Schulz, R. (2009). Association of enjoyable activities with psychological and physiological well-being. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(7), 725–732.
• Ragheb, M. G., & Tate, R. L. (1993). A Behavioural Model of Leisure Participation, Based on Leisure Attitude, Motivation and Satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 12(1), 61-70.
• Roe, R. A. (1999). Work performance: A multiple regulation perspective. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology. (Vol. 14, pp. 231–335). New York, NY: Wiley.
• Rosa, C.D., Collado, S. Profice, C.C. and Larson, L.R. (2019). Nature-based recreation associated with a connectedness to nature and leisure satisfaction among students in Brazil, Leisure Studies, 38(5), 682-691.
• Serdar, E. & Demirel, M. (2020). Algılanan stres ile serbest zaman doyumu arasındaki ilişki: spor bilimleri öğrencileri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(3): 54-64.
• Serdar, E., Ay, S.M. (2016). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Katıldıkları Serbest Zaman Etkinliklerinden Tatmin Olma ve Algılanan Özgürlük Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. İÜ Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 6(2):34-44.
• Serdar, E., Demirel, M., Demirel Harmandar, D., Donuk, B. (2018). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Serbest Zaman Doyum Düzeyleri ile Mutluluk Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki. The Journal of Social Science. 5(28), 429-438.
• Shin, K., You, S. (2013). Leisure Type, Leisure Satisfaction and Adolescents' Psychological Well-being. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology. 7(2):53-62.
• Smith, K., Freeman, P., & Zabriskie, R. (2009). An examination of family communication within the Core and Balance Model of Family Leisure Functioning. Family Relations, 58, 79-90.
• Tian, H.B., Qiu, Y.J., Lin, Y.Q., Zhou, W.T., Fan, C.Y. (2020). The Role of Leisure Satisfaction in Serious Leisure and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from Chinese Marathon Runners. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, 1-15
• Tsaur, S.H., Liang, Y.W., Hsu, H.J. (2012). A Multidimensional Measurement of Work-Leisure Conflict, Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 395-416.
• Türkoğlu, T., Yurdakul, Ü. (2017). Mobilya Endüstrisinde Çalışanların İş Doyumu ve İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişkinin Araştırılması. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 18(1), 88-97.
• Walker, G.J. & Ito, E. (2017). Mainland Chinese Canadian Immigrants’ Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being: Results of a Two-Year Longitudinal Study. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 174-185.
• Yaşartürk, F., Akyüz, H., Karataş, İ., Türkmen, M. (2018). The Relationship Between Free Time Satisfaction and Stress Levels of Elite-Level Student-Wrestlers. Education Sciences. 8(133),1-11.
• Yaşartürk, F., Bilgin, B. (2019). Üniversitede Öğrenim Gören Hentbolcuların Serbest Zaman Tatmin ve Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies. 4(2), 50-60.
• Yerlisu Lapa, T. (2013). Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recreation participants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1985-1993.
• Yetim, Ü. (1993). Life satisfaction: A study based on the organization of personal projects. Social Indicators Research, 29(3), 277-289.
• Yurcu, G., Kasalak, M.A., Akıncı, Z. (2018). Turistlerin Boş Zaman Motivasyonu ve Tatminini Etkileyen Faktörler: Beldibi Örneği. MANAS Journal of Social Studies. 7(2), 518-536.