<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>ijsi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>International Journal of Social Inquiry</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1307-8364</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1307-9999</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37093/ijsi.1855270</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Growth</subject>
                                                            <subject>Employment</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Büyüme</subject>
                                                            <subject>İstihdam</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Marginalized Labor, Sacrificed Welfare: Women&#039;s Digital Capital and Its Contribution to Economic Growth</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Marjinalleştirilen Emek, Vazgeçilen Refah: Kadınların Dijital Sermayesi ve Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-7402</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Asoy</surname>
                                    <given-names>Elif</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>19</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>141</fpage>
                                        <lpage>157</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260103">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>03</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260322">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>22</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2008, International Journal of Social Inquiry</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2008</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>International Journal of Social Inquiry</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In the context of sustainable development, another substantial issue, in addition to equity in income distribution, is the equitable distribution of physical and human capital. This issue was a fundamental cause of the gender wage gap during the Agricultural Revolution. The Industrial Revolution further reinforced it and, unfortunately, continues to persist in the era of the Digital Revolution. Whiler the Digital Revolution has led to radical changes in labor markets, it also gives rise to contemporary issues concerning the distribution of resources and income.This study examines the impact of women&#039;s digital capital stock and human capital acquisition on the real per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of countries, using data from EU-27 member states spanning the years 2018 to 2022.  The Women in Digitalization Scoreboard (WID) offers a valuable metric for assessing the gender digital divide and serves as a contemporary proxy for tracking digital inclusion across countries. According to results of the random effects Driscoll-Kraay model, an increase in the employment and the WID leads to a statistically significant increase in GDP. The negative impact of gross fixed capital investment points toward the law of diminishing marginal returns. Finally, R&amp;D (research &amp; development) expenditures do not have statistically significant effect.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından gelirin adil bölüşümü kadar önemli bir diğer husus da gelirin oluşumu için gerekli olan fiziksel ve beşerî sermayenin toplum içinde adil bir şekilde dağılmasıdır. Bu mesele, tarım devrimiyle birlikte cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliğinin temel sebeplerinden biri olmuş, sanayi devrimi ile daha da pekişmiş ve dijital devrim sürecinde değişen bir suretle varlığını sürdürmüştür. Dijitalleşme devrimi her alanda olduğu gibi emek piyasalarında da ciddi dönüşümlere neden olmuştur. Bununla birlikte kaynakların ve oluşan gelirin dağılımı kapsamında daha güncel sorunları da beraberinde sürüklemiştir. Bu çalışma, kadın emeğinin dijital süreçlere katılımının bir ülkenin Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasılası (GSYH) üzerindeki etkisini AB-27 ülkelerine ait 2018-2022 yıllarını kapsayan veriyi kullanarak incelemektedir. Çalışmada, ülkelerin toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı dijital bölüşüm ve katılım süreçlerini ölçmeyi mümkün kılan ve güncel bir gösterge olan Dijitalleşmede Kadın Puan Tablosu (Women in Digitalization Scoreboard-WID) kullanılmaktadır.  Bu kapsamda tanısal testlere dayanarak tahmin edilen tesadüfi etkiler Driscoll-Kraay modeli sonuçlarına göre istihdamın ve kadının dijitalleşmeye katılımındaki artışların reel kişi başı GSYH üzerinde pozitif bir etkisi olduğu saptanmaktadır. Modelde kullanılan bir diğer bağımsız değişken olan sabit sermaye yatırımlarının ise negatif ve anlamlı olan istatistiksel etkisi azalan marjinal verimler kanuna işaret etmektedir. Son olarak araştıma ve geliştime (AR&amp;GE) harcamalarının anlamlı bir istatistiksel etkisinin bulunmadığı görülmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Dijital sermaye</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ekonomik büyüme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  dijitalleşmede kadın.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Digital capital</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  economic growth</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  women in digitalization</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abrar, M. A., Raza, A., &amp; Hayat, A. (2023). Digitization and Labor Market: A Case Study of Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Applied Research and Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.32350/jarms.41.04</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agyemang, E. F., &amp; Bokpin, G. A. (2025). Women economic empowerment through digitalization: Analyzing social networks, risk and time preferences. International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, 19, 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42495-024-00148-w</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmad, R., Sharif, F., Ahmad, S., Gul, A., &amp; Abdirasulovna, Z. A. (2024). Does the digital economy improve female employment? A cross-country panel data analysis. Heliyon, 10(13), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33535</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bacovic, M., Andrijasevic, Z., &amp; Pejovic, B. (2021). STEM Education and Growth in Europe. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(4), 2348–2371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00817-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baltagi, B. H., &amp; Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances . Econometric Theory, 15(6). doi:10.1017/s0266466699156020</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., &amp; Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549.https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boserup, E. (1970). Women&#039;s role in economic development. New York: St. Martin’s Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Breusch, T., &amp; Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications tomodel specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239–253.https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Choudhry, M. T., &amp; Elhorst, P. (2018). Female labour force participation and economic development. International Journal of Manpower, 39(7), 896-912. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03-2017-0045</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">De Fontenay, A., &amp; Beltran, F. (2008). Inequality and economic growth: Should we be concerned by the digital divide. International Telecommunications Society, 17.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fernando-Beltran-9/publication/252675416_Inequality_and_economic_growth_Should_we_be_concerned_by_the_digital_divide/links/53d2c8ae0cf2a7fbb2e9b7b3/Inequality-and-economic-growth-Should-we-be-concerned-by-the-digital-divide.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DeBenedictis, L. F., &amp; Giles, D. E. (1998). Diagnostic Testing in Econometrics:Variable Addition, RESET, and Fourier Approximations. A. Ullah, &amp; D. Giles içinde, Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics (s. 383-417). New York: Marcel Dekker. https://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/economics/assets/docs/undergrad-courses/freset.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Driscoll, J. C., &amp; Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Do, D. T., Nguyen, T. Q., &amp; Vu, D. H. (2024). The impact of digital economy on women’s employment: evidence from selected European and Asian countries. Journal of International Economics and Management, 24(3), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.38203/jiem.024.3.00</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EU Commision. (2025, 4 25). Women in Digital. 5 7, 2025 tarihinde https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/women-digital</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EU Commission. (2024, 4 14). Women in digital index 2019 methodological note. 2 18, 2025 tarihinde https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/women-digital-scoreboard-2024</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EIGE, (2017).Economic benefits of gender equality in the european union. (Çevrimiçi: 01.03.2026). https://eige.europa.eu/newsroom/economic-benefits-gender-equality?language_content_entity=en</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fernandez, C., Prakash, S., &amp; Puri, H. (2024). Digital Technology as an Instrument to Bridge the Gender Gaps in Access to Labour Markets (No. 31). Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), New Delhi, India.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01658-M</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675–701.https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1937.10503522</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GDIP. (2024). Connected Resilience: Gendered Experiences of Meaningful Connectivity through a Global Pandemic. https://globaldigitalinclusion.org/our-work/inclusive-societies/#connectedresilience</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hajamini, M., &amp; Falahi, M. A. (2018). Economic growth and government size in developed European countries: A panel threshold approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 58, 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.12.002</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 7(3), 281-312.https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700301</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hu, M., Du, Y., &amp; Hu, D. (2025). Empowering Women Through Digitalization: An Analysis of the Digital Economy&#039;s Effect on Gender Gaps in Employment. https://ssrn.com/abstract=5047925 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5047925</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hüsnüoğlu, N., &amp; Öztürk, L. (2017). Dijital bölünme: Nedenleri ve türleri. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 6-21. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/guiibd/issue/51746/672008</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kabeer, N., &amp; Natali, L. (2013). Gender equality and economic growth: Is there a win-win? IDS Working Paper, 2013(417), 1-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.xDigital Object Identifier (DOI)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klasen, S. (2000). Does gender inequality reduce growth and development? Evidence from cross-country regressions. Sonderforschungsbereich 386, 212.DOI: 10.5282/ubm/epub.1602</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kumari, D., Giri, A. K., &amp; Saruparia, C. (2025). Role of gender based digital financial inclusion and women empowerment in poverty reduction: evidence from Asian countries. Discover Sustainability, 6(283). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01095-y</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lahoti, R., &amp; Swaminathan, H. (2013). Economic growth and female labour force participation in India. IIMB Working Paper-414.https://research.iimb.ac.in/work_papers/395</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Le Quoc, D. (2024). The relationship between digital financial inclusion, gender inequality, and economic growth: dynamics from financial development. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 4(4), 370-388. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jbsed-12-2023-0101/full/pdf?title=the-relationship-between-digital-financial-inclusion-gender-inequality-and-economic-growth-dynamics-from-financial-development</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lucas, J. ,. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22(1), 3-42.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Luci, A. (2009). Female labour market participation and economic growth. International journal of innovation and sustainable development, 4 ((2-3)), 97-108.https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2009.028065</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Luo, W. (2024). Research on the Impact of the Digital Economy on Women&#039;s Life Satisfaction – An Empirical Analysis Based on CGSS Data. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Bigdata Blockchain and Economy Management, (s. 29–31). Wuhan. doi:10.4108/eai.29-3-2024.2347338</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maceira, H. M. (2017). Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU. European Institute for Gender Equality. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10272-017-0669-4</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oktay Yilmaz, B., &amp; Unlu, A. D. (2022). Digital transformation and the future of work and women:the case of the European Union. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 82, 337-356. https://doi.org/10.26650/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ozili, P. K. (2024). Women digital financial inclusion and economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Internet and Digital Economics, 4(3), 161-178. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jide-07-2024-0027/full/pdf?title=women-digital-financial-inclusion-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pampel, F. C., &amp; Tanaka, K. (1986). Economic development and female labor force participation: A reconsideration. Social forces, 599-619. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578815</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parsons, C., &amp; Hick, S. (2008). Moving From Digital Divide to Digital Inclusion. Currents: New Scholarship in the Human Services, 7(2), 1-16. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/currents/article/view/15892</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pawluczuk, A., Lee, J., &amp; Gamundani, A. M. (2021). Bridging the gender digital divide: an analysis of existing guidance for gender digital inclusion programmes’ evaluations. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 23(3), 287-299. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/dprg-11-2020-0158/full/html?casa_token=cEjO-7KgYqQAAAAA:7CylhFLNuCa_WwsjqczCbLh7-8rq3_46FMgrdf7J0kW0N9K3LLQOWYBXGBN_AN9vXtcDofndBMtylcWevl2RkQ76Clkgqh2assjGrrTpnxRa3vPE4Kk</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Peláez-Sánchez, C., &amp; Glasserman-Morales, L. (2023). Gender Digital Divide and Women’s Digital Inclusion: A Systematic Mapping. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 12(3), 258-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/generos.10555</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaran, M. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0435.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Podrecca, E., &amp; Carmeci, G. (2001). Fixed investment and economic growth: new results on causality. Applied Economics, 33(2), 177-182.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840122890</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rai, A. (2019). Digital Divide: How Do Women in South Asia Respond? International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence (IJDLC), 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDLDC.2019010101</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ramos, J. R. (1996). Poverty and inequality in Latin America: a neostructural perspective. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 38(2-3), 141-157.doi:10.2307/166365</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth . Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.https://doi.org/10.1086/261420</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Romer, P. M. (1990). Capital, labor, and productivity. Brookings papers on economic activity. Microeconomics, 1990, 337-367.https://doi.org/10.2307/2534785</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sadeghpour, F., Jafari, M., &amp; Elmi, Z. (. (2021). Investigating The Effect of Gender Inequality in the Academic Education of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) on the Economic Growth of Iran: A Structural Time Series Approach. Iranian Journal of Economic Modeling, 16(32), 191–217. https://doi.org/10.22080/iejm.2023.23003.1901</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shuangshuang, Y., Zhu, W., Mughal, N., &amp; vd. (2023). The impact of education and digitalization on female labour force participation in BRICS: an advanced panel data analysis. Humanit Soc Sci Commun, 10(598). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02020-2</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahin, B. Y., &amp; Alp, C. (2020). Kadinlarin İşgücüne Katiliminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(45), 186-202.https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1068621</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata uygulamalı (6 b.). İstanbul: Beta.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tunçsiper, Ç. (2025). From digital divide to employment equity: how digitalization affects women’s involvement in the workforce in OECD countries. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 14(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.17583/generos.15672</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Valberg, S. (2020). ICT, Gender, and the Labor Market: A Cross-Country Analysis. D. Maiti, F. Castellacci, &amp; A. Melchior (Dü) içinde, Digitalisation and Development. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9996-1_15</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Verma, A., Giri, A. K., &amp; Debata, B. (2025). ICT diffusion, women empowerment, and sustainable development in SAARC countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 41(2), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-03-2022-0073</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Watson, T., Corliss, M., &amp; Le, M. (2018). Digitalisation and women&#039;s workforce participation in the Indo-Pacific. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 21(1), 45-74.https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.098611388714981</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wu, Y., Li, L., &amp; Zheng, Y. (2024). The impact of digitization in manufacturing on female employment and gender wage gap. Journal of Asian Economics, 95(101821). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2024.101821</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yu, S., Zhu, W., Mughal, N., Aparcana, S. I., &amp; Muda, I. (2023). The impact of education and digitalization on female labour force participation in BRICS: an advanced panel data analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(598). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02020-2</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
