Biological activities of different plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family
Yıl 2023,
, 11 - 22, 26.03.2023
Gülşen Güçlü
,
Merve İnanır
,
Esra Uçar
,
Nuraniye Eruygur
,
Mehmet Ataş
,
Tansu Uskutoğlu
,
Belgin Coşge Şenkal
Öz
Achillea biebersteinii and Anthemis tinctoria, which are widely distributed species of the Asteraceae family, are used in folk medicine in the form of herbal tea or extract in the treatment of many diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical content, antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitor activities and cytotoxic effects of 80% ethanol extract of these two species and make a comparative analysis. In accordance with the data obtained, the major component of A. biebersteinii was determined as Cyclododecane (14.47%), while that of A. tinctoria was determined as Phytol (23.15%). A. biebersteinii, which showed moderate activity in terms of antimicrobial activity, produced more active inhibition than A. tinctoria did. Both plants showed high levels of antioxidant activity. The total phenol and total flavonoid contents of A. tinctoria were higher than those of A. biebersteinii. It was determined that there was no significant activity when the extracts were compared with galanthamine, which is the reference drug in terms of enzyme inhibitory activity. When the in vitro anticancer activity of human breast cancer cell line was examined, it was determined that A. tinctoria had a cytotoxic effect at high concentrations (IC50;0.82mg/mL), and A. biebersteinii showed strong cytotoxicity at all concentrations (IC50;<0.0625mg/mL). These two plants of the same family were evaluated in terms of many different biological parameters and it was revealed that A. biebersteinii was more active than A. tinctoria. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine whether these plants can be used as phytotherapeutic agents.
Proje Numarası
CUBAP-ECZ-030
Kaynakça
- Awouafack, M.D., McGaw, L.J., Gottfried, S., Mbouangouere, R., Tane, P., Spiteller, M., & Eloff, J. N. (2013). Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from eriosema robustum (fabaceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-289
- Baharara, J., Namvar, F., Ramezani, T., Mousavi, M., & Mohamad, R. (2015). Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using achillea biebersteinii flower extract: Apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells via caspase activation and regulation of BAX and bcl-2 gene expression. Molecules, 20(2), 2693–2706. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022693
- Baroni, L., Sarni, A.R., & Zuliani, C. (2021). Plant foods rich in antioxidants and human cognition: A systematic review. Antioxidants, 10(5), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050714
- Barut, E. N., Barut, B., Engin, S., Yıldırım, S., Yaşar, A., Türkiş, S., Özel, A., & Sezen, F. S. (2017). Antioxidant capacity, anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in mice brain homogenate of Achillea millefolium. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42(4), 493-502.
- Butala, S., Suvarna, V., Mallya, R., & Khan, T. (2021). An insight into cytotoxic activity of flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids from selected plants of Asteraceae species. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 98(6), 1116–1130. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13970
- Candan, F., Unlu, M., Tepe, B., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., Sökmen, A., & Akpulat, H.A. (2003). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium afan. (Asteraceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 87(2-3), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00149-1
- De Mieri, M., Monteleone, G., Ismajili, I., Kaiser, M., & Hamburger, M. (2017). Antiprotozoal Activity-based profiling of a dichloromethane extract from anthemis nobilis flowers. Journal of Natural Products, 80(2), 459 470. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00980
- Dzoyem, J.P., Guru, S.K., Pieme, C.A., Kuete, V., Sharma, A., Khan, I.A., Saxena, A.K., & Vishwakarma, R.A. (2013). Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of selected Cameroonian edible plants. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-78
- El Omari, N., El Menyiy, N., Zengin, G., Goh, B.H., Gallo, M., Montesano, D., Naviglio, D., & Bouyahya, A. (2021). Anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of tomentosin: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Separations, 8(11), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8110207
- Eloff, J. (1998). A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Medica, 64(08), 711–713. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957563
- Elshamy, A., Abd‐ElGawad, A., Mohamed, T., El Gendy, A.E.N., Abd El Aty, A.A., Saleh, I., Moustafa, M.F., Hussien, T.A., Pare, P.W., & Hegazy, M.E. (2021). Extraction development for antimicrobial and phytotoxic essential oils from asteraceae species: achillea fragrantissima , artemisia judaica and tanacetum sinaicum. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 36(3), 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3647
- Emir, A., & Emir, C. (2020). Anthemis tinctoria L. var. Tinctoria L. Bitkisine Ait fenolik Bileşiklerin LC-ESI-MS/Ms Ile Miktar Tayini Ve bitkinin Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(4), 996-1006. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.687185
- Erdogan, M.K., Ağca, C.A., & Aşkın, H. (2020). Achillea biebersteinii extracts suppress angiogenesis and enhance sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil of human colon cancer cells via the PTEN/AKT/mtor pathway in vitro. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 10(11), 505. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.294091
- Eruygur, N., & Dural, E. (2019). Determination of 1-deoxynojirimycin by a developed and validated HPLC-FLD Method and assessment of in-vitro antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in mulberry varieties from Turkey. Phytomedicine, 53, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.016
- Eruygur, N., Ucar, E., Akpulat, H.A., Shahsavari, K., Safavi, S.M., & Kahrizi, D. (2019). In vitro antioxidant assessment, screening of enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol and water extracts and gene expression in Hypericum Lydium. Molecular Biology Reports, 46(2), 2121–2129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04664-3
- Haliloglu, Y., Ozek, T., Tekin, M., Goger, F., Baser, K.H.C., & Ozek, G. (2017). Phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antityrosinase activities of Achillea sivasica Çelik and Akpulat. International journal of food properties, 20(sup1), S693-S706.
- Hoi, T.M., Chung, N.T., Huong, L.T., & Ogunwande, I.A. (2021). Studies on asteraceae: Chemical compositions of essential oils and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr. and grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 24(3), 500 509. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2021.1947390
- Kılıc, D.D., Ayar, A., Baskan, C. & Yıldırım, T. (2018). Antibacterial Activity Determination of Different Species Belonging to Asteraceae Family. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 21(2), 31-35.
- Kotan, R., Cakir, A., Dadasoglu, F., Aydin, T., Cakmakci, R., Ozer, H., Kordali, S., Mete, E. & Dikbas, N. (2010). Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(1), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3799
- Kuete, V. (2010). Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against Microbial Infections: A Review. Planta Medica, 76(14), 1479–1491. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250027
- Li, A.N., Li, S., Li, H.B., Xu, D.P., Xu, X.R., & Chen, F. (2014). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of 51 edible and wild flowers. Journal of Functional Foods, 6, 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.022
- Li, S., Li, S.K., Gan, R.-Y., Song, F.L., Kuang, L., & Li, H.B. (2013). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.017
- Nemeth, E., & Bernath, J. (2008). Biological activities of Yarrow species (achillea spp..). Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14(29), 3151 3167. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786404281
- Orlando, G., Zengin, G., Ferrante, C., Ronci, M., Recinella, L., Senkardes, I., Gevrenova, R., Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Chiavaroli, A., Leone, S., Di Simone, S., Brunetti, L., Picot-Allain, C. M., Mahomoodally, M. F., Sinan, K. I., & Menghini, L. (2019). Comprehensive chemical profiling and multidirectional biological investigation of two wild anthemis species (Anthemis tinctoria var. Pallida and A. Cretica subsp. tenuiloba): Focus on neuroprotective effects. Molecules, 24(14), 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142582
- Panda, S.K., Mohanta, Y.K., Padhi, L., & Luyten, W. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of select edible plants from Odisha, India against food-borne pathogens. LWT, 113, 108246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.06.013
- Raal, A., Jaama, M., Utt, M., Püssa, T., Žvikas, V., Jakštas, V., Koshovyi, O., Nguyen, K.V., & Thi Nguyen, H. (2022). The phytochemical profile and anticancer activity of anthemis tinctoria and Angelica sylvestris used in Estonian ethnomedicine. Plants, 11(7), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070994
- Sacchetti, G., Maietti, S., Muzzoli, M., Scaglianti, M., Manfredini, S., Radice, M., & Bruni, R. (2005). Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, Antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food Chemistry, 91(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.031
- Sevindik, E., Aydın, S., Eren Apaydın, E., & Sürmen, M. (2018). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of achillea biebersteinii afan. (Asteraceae) from Erzincan Region, Turkey. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 10(3), 328 332. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb10310222
- Şabanoğlu, S., Gökbulut, A., & Altun, M.L. (2019). Characterization of phenolic compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three achillea species. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 23(3), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2019.164
- Türkan, F., Atalar, M.N., Aras, A., Gülçin, İ., & Bursal, E. (2020). ICP-MS and HPLC analyses, enzyme inhibition and antioxidant potential of achillea schischkinii sosn. Bioorganic Chemistry, 94, 103333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103333
- Uysal, I., Celik, S., & Oldacay, M. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Anthemis Coelopoda var. Bourgaei Boiss. and Anthemis tinctoria var. Pallida DC. species having ethnobotanical features. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(4), 639 642. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.639.642
- Varasteh-Kojourian, M., Abrishamchi, P., Matin, M.M., Asili, J., Ejtehadi, H., & Khosravitabar, F. (2017). Antioxidant, cytotoxic and DNA protective properties of Achillea eriophora DC. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. extracts: A comparative study. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 7(2), 157.
- Venditti, A., Maggi, F., Vittori, S., Papa, F., Serrilli, A. M., Di Cecco, M., Ciaschetti, G., Mandrone, M., Poli, F., & Bianco, A. (2015). Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Achillea tenorii. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(10), 1505-1510.
- Xu, D.P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.J., & Li, H.B. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
- Yıldırımlı, Ş. (1999). The chorology of the Turkish species of Asteraceae family. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 6(2), 75-123.
- Yu, M., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J., & Barros, A.I. (2021). Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89437-4
Biological activities of different plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family
Yıl 2023,
, 11 - 22, 26.03.2023
Gülşen Güçlü
,
Merve İnanır
,
Esra Uçar
,
Nuraniye Eruygur
,
Mehmet Ataş
,
Tansu Uskutoğlu
,
Belgin Coşge Şenkal
Öz
Achillea biebersteinii and Anthemis tinctoria, which are widely distributed species of the Asteraceae family, are used in folk medicine in the form of herbal tea or extract in the treatment of many diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical content, antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitor activities and cytotoxic effects of 80% ethanol extract of these two species and make a comparative analysis. In accordance with the data obtained, the major component of A. biebersteinii was determined as Cyclododecane (14.47%), while that of A. tinctoria was determined as Phytol (23.15%). A. biebersteinii, which showed moderate activity in terms of antimicrobial activity, produced more active inhibition than A. tinctoria did. Both plants showed high levels of antioxidant activity. The total phenol and total flavonoid contents of A. tinctoria were higher than those of A. biebersteinii. It was determined that there was no significant activity when the extracts were compared with galanthamine, which is the reference drug in terms of enzyme inhibitory activity. When the in vitro anticancer activity of human breast cancer cell line was examined, it was determined that A. tinctoria had a cytotoxic effect at high concentrations (IC50;0.82mg/mL), and A. biebersteinii showed strong cytotoxicity at all concentrations (IC50;<0.0625mg/mL). These two plants of the same family were evaluated in terms of many different biological parameters and it was revealed that A. biebersteinii was more active than A. tinctoria. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine whether these plants can be used as phytotherapeutic agents.
Destekleyen Kurum
Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri
Proje Numarası
CUBAP-ECZ-030
Kaynakça
- Awouafack, M.D., McGaw, L.J., Gottfried, S., Mbouangouere, R., Tane, P., Spiteller, M., & Eloff, J. N. (2013). Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from eriosema robustum (fabaceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-289
- Baharara, J., Namvar, F., Ramezani, T., Mousavi, M., & Mohamad, R. (2015). Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using achillea biebersteinii flower extract: Apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells via caspase activation and regulation of BAX and bcl-2 gene expression. Molecules, 20(2), 2693–2706. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022693
- Baroni, L., Sarni, A.R., & Zuliani, C. (2021). Plant foods rich in antioxidants and human cognition: A systematic review. Antioxidants, 10(5), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050714
- Barut, E. N., Barut, B., Engin, S., Yıldırım, S., Yaşar, A., Türkiş, S., Özel, A., & Sezen, F. S. (2017). Antioxidant capacity, anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in mice brain homogenate of Achillea millefolium. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42(4), 493-502.
- Butala, S., Suvarna, V., Mallya, R., & Khan, T. (2021). An insight into cytotoxic activity of flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids from selected plants of Asteraceae species. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 98(6), 1116–1130. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13970
- Candan, F., Unlu, M., Tepe, B., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., Sökmen, A., & Akpulat, H.A. (2003). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium afan. (Asteraceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 87(2-3), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00149-1
- De Mieri, M., Monteleone, G., Ismajili, I., Kaiser, M., & Hamburger, M. (2017). Antiprotozoal Activity-based profiling of a dichloromethane extract from anthemis nobilis flowers. Journal of Natural Products, 80(2), 459 470. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00980
- Dzoyem, J.P., Guru, S.K., Pieme, C.A., Kuete, V., Sharma, A., Khan, I.A., Saxena, A.K., & Vishwakarma, R.A. (2013). Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of selected Cameroonian edible plants. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-78
- El Omari, N., El Menyiy, N., Zengin, G., Goh, B.H., Gallo, M., Montesano, D., Naviglio, D., & Bouyahya, A. (2021). Anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of tomentosin: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Separations, 8(11), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8110207
- Eloff, J. (1998). A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Medica, 64(08), 711–713. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957563
- Elshamy, A., Abd‐ElGawad, A., Mohamed, T., El Gendy, A.E.N., Abd El Aty, A.A., Saleh, I., Moustafa, M.F., Hussien, T.A., Pare, P.W., & Hegazy, M.E. (2021). Extraction development for antimicrobial and phytotoxic essential oils from asteraceae species: achillea fragrantissima , artemisia judaica and tanacetum sinaicum. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 36(3), 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3647
- Emir, A., & Emir, C. (2020). Anthemis tinctoria L. var. Tinctoria L. Bitkisine Ait fenolik Bileşiklerin LC-ESI-MS/Ms Ile Miktar Tayini Ve bitkinin Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(4), 996-1006. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.687185
- Erdogan, M.K., Ağca, C.A., & Aşkın, H. (2020). Achillea biebersteinii extracts suppress angiogenesis and enhance sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil of human colon cancer cells via the PTEN/AKT/mtor pathway in vitro. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 10(11), 505. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.294091
- Eruygur, N., & Dural, E. (2019). Determination of 1-deoxynojirimycin by a developed and validated HPLC-FLD Method and assessment of in-vitro antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in mulberry varieties from Turkey. Phytomedicine, 53, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.016
- Eruygur, N., Ucar, E., Akpulat, H.A., Shahsavari, K., Safavi, S.M., & Kahrizi, D. (2019). In vitro antioxidant assessment, screening of enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol and water extracts and gene expression in Hypericum Lydium. Molecular Biology Reports, 46(2), 2121–2129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04664-3
- Haliloglu, Y., Ozek, T., Tekin, M., Goger, F., Baser, K.H.C., & Ozek, G. (2017). Phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antityrosinase activities of Achillea sivasica Çelik and Akpulat. International journal of food properties, 20(sup1), S693-S706.
- Hoi, T.M., Chung, N.T., Huong, L.T., & Ogunwande, I.A. (2021). Studies on asteraceae: Chemical compositions of essential oils and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr. and grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 24(3), 500 509. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2021.1947390
- Kılıc, D.D., Ayar, A., Baskan, C. & Yıldırım, T. (2018). Antibacterial Activity Determination of Different Species Belonging to Asteraceae Family. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 21(2), 31-35.
- Kotan, R., Cakir, A., Dadasoglu, F., Aydin, T., Cakmakci, R., Ozer, H., Kordali, S., Mete, E. & Dikbas, N. (2010). Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(1), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3799
- Kuete, V. (2010). Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against Microbial Infections: A Review. Planta Medica, 76(14), 1479–1491. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250027
- Li, A.N., Li, S., Li, H.B., Xu, D.P., Xu, X.R., & Chen, F. (2014). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of 51 edible and wild flowers. Journal of Functional Foods, 6, 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.022
- Li, S., Li, S.K., Gan, R.-Y., Song, F.L., Kuang, L., & Li, H.B. (2013). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.017
- Nemeth, E., & Bernath, J. (2008). Biological activities of Yarrow species (achillea spp..). Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14(29), 3151 3167. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786404281
- Orlando, G., Zengin, G., Ferrante, C., Ronci, M., Recinella, L., Senkardes, I., Gevrenova, R., Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Chiavaroli, A., Leone, S., Di Simone, S., Brunetti, L., Picot-Allain, C. M., Mahomoodally, M. F., Sinan, K. I., & Menghini, L. (2019). Comprehensive chemical profiling and multidirectional biological investigation of two wild anthemis species (Anthemis tinctoria var. Pallida and A. Cretica subsp. tenuiloba): Focus on neuroprotective effects. Molecules, 24(14), 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142582
- Panda, S.K., Mohanta, Y.K., Padhi, L., & Luyten, W. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of select edible plants from Odisha, India against food-borne pathogens. LWT, 113, 108246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.06.013
- Raal, A., Jaama, M., Utt, M., Püssa, T., Žvikas, V., Jakštas, V., Koshovyi, O., Nguyen, K.V., & Thi Nguyen, H. (2022). The phytochemical profile and anticancer activity of anthemis tinctoria and Angelica sylvestris used in Estonian ethnomedicine. Plants, 11(7), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070994
- Sacchetti, G., Maietti, S., Muzzoli, M., Scaglianti, M., Manfredini, S., Radice, M., & Bruni, R. (2005). Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, Antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food Chemistry, 91(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.031
- Sevindik, E., Aydın, S., Eren Apaydın, E., & Sürmen, M. (2018). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of achillea biebersteinii afan. (Asteraceae) from Erzincan Region, Turkey. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 10(3), 328 332. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb10310222
- Şabanoğlu, S., Gökbulut, A., & Altun, M.L. (2019). Characterization of phenolic compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three achillea species. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 23(3), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2019.164
- Türkan, F., Atalar, M.N., Aras, A., Gülçin, İ., & Bursal, E. (2020). ICP-MS and HPLC analyses, enzyme inhibition and antioxidant potential of achillea schischkinii sosn. Bioorganic Chemistry, 94, 103333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103333
- Uysal, I., Celik, S., & Oldacay, M. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Anthemis Coelopoda var. Bourgaei Boiss. and Anthemis tinctoria var. Pallida DC. species having ethnobotanical features. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(4), 639 642. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.639.642
- Varasteh-Kojourian, M., Abrishamchi, P., Matin, M.M., Asili, J., Ejtehadi, H., & Khosravitabar, F. (2017). Antioxidant, cytotoxic and DNA protective properties of Achillea eriophora DC. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. extracts: A comparative study. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 7(2), 157.
- Venditti, A., Maggi, F., Vittori, S., Papa, F., Serrilli, A. M., Di Cecco, M., Ciaschetti, G., Mandrone, M., Poli, F., & Bianco, A. (2015). Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Achillea tenorii. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(10), 1505-1510.
- Xu, D.P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.J., & Li, H.B. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
- Yıldırımlı, Ş. (1999). The chorology of the Turkish species of Asteraceae family. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 6(2), 75-123.
- Yu, M., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J., & Barros, A.I. (2021). Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89437-4