Antimicrobial evaluation of the Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) leaf essential oil combination with standard antimicrobial compounds

Abstract

Pogostemon cablin Benth's leaves, which belong to the Lamiaceae family, are used to make patchouli essential oil (PEO). Sesquiterpenes are the main compounds in essential oil. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiemetic, and anti-inflammatory activities are just a few of the many pharmacological actions that are well-known. In this investigation, cefuroxime (CEF), moxifloxacin (MOX), clarithromycin (CLA), fluconazole (FLU), and terbinafine (TER) were combined with patchouli (Pogostemon cablin leaf essential oil). Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and yeasts Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750 were tested against all combinations. Drug interaction was given as fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) after combinations of the essential oils were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The checkerboard method was used to assess antimicrobial interactions, Fluconazole, terbinafine, cefuroxime, and clarithromycin combined with essential oil demonstrated an "additive effect" against Candida strains together with E. coli and S. aureus.

Keywords

• Pogostemon cablin
• essential oil
• checkerboard method
• antibacterial
• antifungal

References

1. Ahmad, A., Elisha, I.L., van Vuuren, S., & Viljoen, A. (2021). Volatile phenolics: A comprehensive review of the anti-infective properties of an important class of essential oil constituents. Phytochemistry, 190, 112864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112864
2. Aisyah, Y., Yunita, D., & Amanda, A. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil and their mixtures against pathogenic and food spoilage microbes. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/667/1/012020
3. Betoni, J.E.C., Mantovani, R.P., Barbosa, L.N., Di Stasi, L.C., & Fernandes Junior, A. (2006). Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101, 387 390. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762006000400007
4. Bhavaniramya, S., Vishnupriya, S., Al-Aboody, M.S., Vijayakumar, R., & Baskaran, D. (2019). Role of essential oils in food safety: Antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Grain & Oil Science and Technology, 2(2), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.03.001
5. Das, P., Dutta, S., Begum, J., & Anwar, M.N. (2013). Antibacterial and antifungal activity analysis of essential oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology, 30(1-2), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v30i1-2.28446
6. Dechayont, B., Ruamdee, P., Poonnaimuang, S., Mokmued, K., & Chunthorng-Orn, J. (2017). Antioxidant and antimicrobial Activities of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Journal of Botany. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8310275
7. Donelian, A., Carlson, L., Lopes, T., & Machado, R. (2009). Comparison of extraction of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil with supercritical CO2 and by steam distillation. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 48(1), 15 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.020
8. Göger, G., Demirci, B., Ilgın, S., & Demirci, F. (2018). Antimicrobial and toxicity profiles evaluation of the chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil combination with standard antimicrobial agents. Industrial Crops and Products, 120, 279 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.024

9. Hemaiswarya, S., & Doble, M. (2009). Synergistic interaction of eugenol with antibiotics against Gram negative bacteria. Phytomedicine, 16(11), 997 1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2009.04.006
10. Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T., & Meyer, R.L. (2012). Essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012
11. Jain, P.L., Patel, S.R., & Desai, M.A. (2021). Patchouli oil: an overview on extraction method, composition and biological activities. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2021.1955761
12. Kapoor, G., Saigal, S., & Elongavan, A. (2017). Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, 33(3), 300. https://doi.org/10.4103/joacp.JOACP_349_15
13. Kocevski, D., Du, M., Kan, J., Jing, C., Lacanin, I., & Pavlovic, H. (2013). Antifungal effect of Allium tuberosum, Cinnamomum cassia, and Pogostemon cablin essential oils and their components against population of Aspergillus species. Journal of Food Science, 78(5), M731-M737. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12118
14. Langeveld, W.T., Veldhuizen, E.J., & Burt, S.A. (2014). Synergy between essential oil components and antibiotics: a review. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 40(1), 76-94. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.763219
15. Laxminarayan, R., Matsoso, P., Pant, S., Brower, C., Røttingen, J.-A., Klugman, K., & Davies, S. (2016). Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge. The Lancet, 387(10014), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00474-2
16. Murbach Teles Andrade, B.F., Nunes Barbosa, L., da Silva Probst, I., & Fernandes Júnior, A. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 26(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.860409
17. Paulus, D., Luchesi, L.A., Busso, C., Frata, M.T., & de Oliveira, P.J.B. (2020). Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of four species of the Lamiaceae family. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 129 140. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i1030289
18. Pharmacopoeia, C. (2015). Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Vol. 1. Beijing: Chinese Medical Science and Technology Press.
19. Picheansoonthon, C., & Jerawong, V. (2001). Thai Pharmaceutical Textbook No. 5 Materia Medica. Amarin Printing, Bangkok, Thailand.
20. Ribeiro, A.S., Ribeiro, M.S., Bertolucci, S.K., Bittencourt, W.J., Carvalho, A.A., Tostes, W. N., Pinto, J.E. (2018). Colored shade nets induced changes in growth, anatomy and essential oil of Pogostemon cablin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 90, 1823-1835. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170299
21. Seow, Y.X., Yeo, C.R., Chung, H.L., & Yuk, H.-G. (2014). Plant essential oils as active antimicrobial agents. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(5), 625-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.599504
22. Sharma, K., Guleria, S., Razdan, V.K., & Babu, V. (2020). Synergistic antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of some selected medicinal plants in combination and with synthetic compounds. Industrial Crops and Products, 154, 112569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112569
23. Silva-Filho, S.E., Wiirzler, L.A.M., Cavalcante, H.A.O., Uchida, N.S., de Souza Silva-Comar, F.M., Cardia, G.F.E., Cuman, R.K.N. (2016). Effect of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil on in vitro and in vivo leukocytes behavior in acute inflammatory response. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, 1697 1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.084
24. Singh, B.R., Sinha, D.K., OR, V.K., Pawde, A.M., De, U.K., & Gupta, V.K. (2019). Comparative antimicrobial activity of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) essential oil (PEO) and conventional antimicrobials against clinically important microbes. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47-65.
25. Swamy, M.K., & Sinniah, U.R. (2015). A comprehensive review on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: an aromatic medicinal plant of industrial importance. Molecules, 20(5), 8521 8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058521
26. Tang, Y., Zhong, L., Wang, X., Zheng, H., & Chen, L. (2019). Molecular identification and expression of sesquiterpene pathway genes responsible for patchoulol biosynthesis and regulation in Pogostemon cablin. Botanical Studies, 60(1), 1 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-019-0259-9
27. van Beek, T.A., & Joulain, D. (2018). The essential oil of patchouli, Pogostemon cablin: A review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 33(1), 6-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3418
28. Van Vuuren, S., Suliman, S., & Viljoen, A. (2009). The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 48(4), 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02548.x
29. Yang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, S.-P., & Liu, W.-Q. (2013). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of patchouli oil. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(3), 307. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2013.1320
30. Zhong, Y., Tang, L., Deng, Q., Jing, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Huang, B. (2021). Unraveling the novel effect of patchouli alcohol against the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 1169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674560