Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction

Raısadıba Putrı Bovanı; Laksmi Ambarsari; Waras Nurcholis

doi:10.21448/ijsm.1674903

Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction

Abstract

This study aimed to optimize the extraction of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design. The optimization considered three independent variables: extraction time, ethanol concentration, and solid-liquid ratio. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using four different assays: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC. The optimal extraction conditions—3.465 minutes extraction time, 60% ethanol concentration, and a 1:20 solid–liquid ratio—produced high levels of TPC and antioxidant activities. The optimization model exhibited strong predictive accuracy, yielding a desirability score of 0.81 and minimal deviation between predicted and experimental values. These findings confirm that MAE, in combination with RSM, provides a robust and efficient approach for extracting bioactive compounds from O. aristatus, establishing a solid foundation for scaling up applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research was funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Indonesia, under the Research Implementation Assignment Agreement 2024 (Contract No. 027/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024).

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Raısadıba Putrı Bovanı This is me
0009-0003-0588-2786
Indonesia

Laksmi Ambarsari
0000-0001-8981-792X
Indonesia

Waras Nurcholis ^*
0000-0001-7047-5093
Indonesia

Early Pub Date

June 9, 2026

Publication Date

June 9, 2026

Submission Date

April 12, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1674903

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA39MX77XT

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bovanı, R. P., Ambarsari, L., & Nurcholis, W. (2026). Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 13(2), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1674903

AMA

1.Bovanı RP, Ambarsari L, Nurcholis W. Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026;13(2):611-620. doi:10.21448/ijsm.1674903

Chicago

Bovanı, Raısadıba Putrı, Laksmi Ambarsari, and Waras Nurcholis. 2026. “Response Surface-Based Optimization of Antioxidant-Rich Extracts from Orthosiphon Aristatus (Blume) Miq. Via Microwave-Assisted Extraction”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 13 (2): 611-20. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1674903.

EndNote

Bovanı RP, Ambarsari L, Nurcholis W (June 1, 2026) Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 13 2 611–620.

IEEE

[1]R. P. Bovanı, L. Ambarsari, and W. Nurcholis, “Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction”, Int. J. Sec. Metabolite, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 611–620, June 2026, doi: 10.21448/ijsm.1674903.

ISNAD

Bovanı, Raısadıba Putrı - Ambarsari, Laksmi - Nurcholis, Waras. “Response Surface-Based Optimization of Antioxidant-Rich Extracts from Orthosiphon Aristatus (Blume) Miq. Via Microwave-Assisted Extraction”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 13/2 (June 1, 2026): 611-620. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1674903.

JAMA

1.Bovanı RP, Ambarsari L, Nurcholis W. Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026;13:611–620.

MLA

Bovanı, Raısadıba Putrı, et al. “Response Surface-Based Optimization of Antioxidant-Rich Extracts from Orthosiphon Aristatus (Blume) Miq. Via Microwave-Assisted Extraction”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, vol. 13, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 611-20, doi:10.21448/ijsm.1674903.

Vancouver

1.Raısadıba Putrı Bovanı, Laksmi Ambarsari, Waras Nurcholis. Response surface-based optimization of antioxidant-rich extracts from Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. via microwave-assisted extraction. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026 Jun. 1;13(2):611-20. doi:10.21448/ijsm.1674903