Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization

Julinda Romauli Manullang; Miftakhur Rohmah; Ardiansyah Ardiansyah; Yosi Fenita; Kristiyanti Dwi Setyaningrum; Suluh Nusantoro

doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809855

Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization

Abstract

The global restriction of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production necessitates efficacious plant-based alternatives. This study developed and characterized a nanoencapsulated co-extract of Tahongai leaves (Kleinhovia hospita L.) and Tiwai onions (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) using maltodextrin–xanthan as wall materials and freeze-drying as the drying step. Physicochemical characterization by FTIR showed bands attributable to O–H, aromatic C=C, C–N, and C–O/C–O–C vibrations, indicating retention of key functional groups and intermolecular interactions within the polymeric matrix. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed irregular, porous particles typical of lyophilized systems, consistent with effective size reduction and high surface area. Functionally, the nanoencapsulated formulation exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl IC₅₀ of 62.22 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids/steroids, and quantitative colorimetry (Folin–Ciocalteu, AlCl₃, and vanillin–HCl) verified phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content. Antimicrobial testing against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium showed a dose-dependent response. At 6–8%, the formulation produced larger inhibition zones against Escherichia coli (4.22–4.37 mm) than the zinc bacitracin positive control, while activity against Salmonella typhimurium increased with dose but remained below the positive control. These data indicate that nanoencapsulation preserved bioactive functionality and yielded a formulation with relevant antioxidant and selective antibacterial properties. The nanoencapsulated Tahongai–Tiwai co-extract, therefore, represents a promising natural candidate to support gut health and microbial control in poultry, warranting further in vivo validation and process optimization to enhance oxidative stability and gastrointestinal delivery.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This study did not involve human participants or animals.

Thanks

Acknowledgements to the Directorate General of Research and Development, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, as the funding provider under Contract No. 538/UN17.L1/HK/2025.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Plant Biotechnology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Julinda Romauli Manullang ^*
0009-0001-5359-4063
Indonesia

Miftakhur Rohmah
0000-0002-3136-5024
Indonesia

Ardiansyah Ardiansyah
0000-0002-8453-1057
Indonesia

Yosi Fenita
0009-0002-8745-8278
Indonesia

Kristiyanti Dwi Setyaningrum
0009-0007-9140-560X
Indonesia

Suluh Nusantoro
0000-0002-8789-497X
Indonesia

Early Pub Date

August 3, 2026

Publication Date

September 2, 2026

Submission Date

October 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809855

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA87WH56KB

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Manullang, J. R., Rohmah, M., Ardiansyah, A., Fenita, Y., Setyaningrum, K. D., & Nusantoro, S. (2026). Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 13(3), 817-829. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809855

AMA

1.Manullang JR, Rohmah M, Ardiansyah A, Fenita Y, Setyaningrum KD, Nusantoro S. Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026;13(3):817-829. doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809855

Chicago

Manullang, Julinda Romauli, Miftakhur Rohmah, Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Yosi Fenita, Kristiyanti Dwi Setyaningrum, and Suluh Nusantoro. 2026. “Nanoencapsulation of a Combined Extract from Kleinhovia Hospita L. And Eleutherine Bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, and Phytochemical Characterization”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 13 (3): 817-29. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809855.

EndNote

Manullang JR, Rohmah M, Ardiansyah A, Fenita Y, Setyaningrum KD, Nusantoro S (September 1, 2026) Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 13 3 817–829.

IEEE

[1]J. R. Manullang, M. Rohmah, A. Ardiansyah, Y. Fenita, K. D. Setyaningrum, and S. Nusantoro, “Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization”, Int. J. Sec. Metabolite, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 817–829, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.21448/ijsm.1809855.

ISNAD

Manullang, Julinda Romauli - Rohmah, Miftakhur - Ardiansyah, Ardiansyah - Fenita, Yosi - Setyaningrum, Kristiyanti Dwi - Nusantoro, Suluh. “Nanoencapsulation of a Combined Extract from Kleinhovia Hospita L. And Eleutherine Bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, and Phytochemical Characterization”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 13/3 (September 1, 2026): 817-829. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809855.

JAMA

1.Manullang JR, Rohmah M, Ardiansyah A, Fenita Y, Setyaningrum KD, Nusantoro S. Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026;13:817–829.

MLA

Manullang, Julinda Romauli, et al. “Nanoencapsulation of a Combined Extract from Kleinhovia Hospita L. And Eleutherine Bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, and Phytochemical Characterization”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 817-29, doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809855.

Vancouver

1.Julinda Romauli Manullang, Miftakhur Rohmah, Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Yosi Fenita, Kristiyanti Dwi Setyaningrum, Suluh Nusantoro. Nanoencapsulation of a combined extract from Kleinhovia hospita L. and Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.: Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical characterization. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026 Sep. 1;13(3):817-29. doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809855