Analytical Investigation of Active Compound Contents of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Ginkgo biloba L. Supplements Fortified with Apitherapy Products

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 70 - 93, 15.06.2021

İsmail Emir Akyıldız , Sinem Raday Özge Erdem Sezer Acar İlknur Coşkun Emel Damarlı

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.832424

Cited By: 1

Öz

Extracts of therapeutic plants of nature, such as Ginkgo biloba L. and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P.ginseng) are highly requested. Recently admixtures of these extracts with apitherapy products are also available. In this study, as research materials, P.ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements in the form of tablets, paste, and liquid extracts prepared as a mixture with bee products were compared in terms of their ginsenosides, phenolics, terpene lactones, and antioxidant capacities. Within this study, it was aimed to clarify the active ingredients P.ginseng extracts, Ginkgo biloba L. extracts, and their mixtures with bee products by developing advanced and novel analytical methods. Additionally, it was purposed to unveil the contribution of bee products to phytotherapy supplements of P.ginseng and Ginkgo biloba L. on the basis of secondary metabolites. Ultrasound-assisted hydroalcoholic extraction was applied at sample preparation and supernatants were analyzed at UPLC-MS/MS and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activities were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. As a result, total ginsenoside contents of the products per serving were ranged between 9.7 mg to 150.2 mg. Terpene lactones of the ginkgo products were ranged between 0.1 mg to 9.5 mg per serving. The antioxidant activities of all products were determined between 13% and 92%. Quercetin, rutin hydrate, CAPE, kaempferol, galangin, chrysin, gallic acid, pinocembrin, and isorhamnetin were found as the predominant phenolics. Due to their higher antioxidant capacities, superior phenolic concentrations, and diversities, it was enlightened that apitherapy products can augment the phytotherapy efficacies of P.ginseng and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, UPLC-MS, Apitherapy, Phenolics

Teşekkür

Analysis within the scope of the study was carried out at Balparmak R&D Center. Authors of this study would like to thank all the Balparmak R&D Center team and the members of the board of directors who provided the necessary facilities for the study.

Kaynakça

• Chan, T., But, P., Cheng, S., Kwok, I., Lau, F., & Xu, H. (2000). Differentiation and authentication of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and ginseng products by using HPLC/MS. Analytical Chemistry, 72(6), 1281-1287.
• Chang, J., & Chang, M. (1997). Medicinal uses of Ginkgo biloba. Todays Therapeutic Trends, 15, 63-74.
• Court, W. A., Hendel, J. G., & Elmi, J. (1996). Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography determination of ginsenosides of Panax quinquefolium. Journal of Chromatography a, 755(1), 11-17.
• Czigle, S., Héthelyi B, É., Háznagy-Radnai, E., Máthé, I., & Tóth, J. (2019). Analysis of Volatile Constituents of Ginkgo Leaf. Natural Product Communications, 14(6), 1934578X19857900.
• de Jager, L. S., Perfetti, G. A., & Diachenko, G. W. (2006). Analysis of ginkgolides and bilobalide in food products using LC–APCI–MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41(5), 1552-1559.
• DeFeudis, F. V. (1998). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): from chemistry to the clinic (Vol. 25). Ullstein Medical Wiesbaden.
• Diamond, B. J., Shiflett, S. C., Feiwel, N., Matheis, R. J., Noskin, O., Richards, J. A., & Schoenberger, N. E. (2000). Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(5), 668-678.
• Dou, D.-Q., Hou, W.-B., & Chen, Y.-J. (1998). Studies of the characteristic constituents of Chinese ginseng and American ginseng. Planta Medica, 64(06), 585-586.
• Dubber, M.-J., & Kanfer, I. (2006). Determination of terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41(1), 135-140.
• Gui, Y., & Ryu, G.-H. (2014). Effects of extrusion cooking on physicochemical properties of white and red ginseng (powder). Journal of Ginseng Research, 38(2), 146-153.
• Hong, H.-D., Sim, E. M., Kim, K., Rho, J., Rhee, Y. K., & Cho, C.-W. (2009). Comparison of preparation methods for the quantification of ginsenosides in raw Korean ginseng. Food Science and Biotechnology, 18(2), 565-569.
• Jacobs, B. P., & Browner, W. S. (2000). Ginkgo biloba: A living fossil. American journal of Medicine, 108(4), 341-342.
• Kaur, P., Chaudhary, A., & Singh, B. (2009). Optimization of extraction technique and validation of developed RP-HPLC-ELSD method for determination of terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 50(5), 1060-1064.
• Kiefer, M. (2004). Review about Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 (Ginkgo). Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10(3), 261.
• Kim, J.-H. (2018). Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Ginseng Research, 42(3), 264-269.
• Kim, J. H., Yi, Y.-S., Kim, M.-Y., & Cho, J. Y. (2017). Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases. Journal of Ginseng Research, 41(4), 435-443.
• Kim, K. H., Lee, D., Lee, H. L., Kim, C.-E., Jung, K., & Kang, K. S. (2018). Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions. Journal of Ginseng Research, 42(3), 239-247.
• Le Bars, P., Velasco, F., Ferguson, J., Dessain, E., Kieser, M., & Hoerr, R. (2002). Influence of the severity of cognitive impairment on the effect of the Gnkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychobiology, 45(1), 19.
• Lee, S. M., Bae, B.-S., Park, H.-W., Ahn, N.-G., Cho, B.-G., Cho, Y.-L., & Kwak, Y.-S. (2015). Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer): History, preparation method, and chemical composition. Journal of Ginseng Research, 39(4), 384-391.
• Li, L., Zhang, J.-l., Sheng, Y.-x., Guo, D.-a., Wang, Q., & Guo, H.-z. (2005). Simultaneous quantification of six major active saponins of Panax notoginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV method. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38(1), 45-51.
• Liu, X.-G., Wu, S.-Q., Li, P., & Yang, H. (2015). Advancement in the chemical analysis and quality control of flavonoid in Ginkgo biloba. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 113, 212-225.
• Mahadevan, S., & Park, Y. (2008). Multifaceted therapeutic benefits of Ginkgo biloba L.: chemistry, efficacy, safety, and uses. Journal of food Science, 73(1), R14-R19.
• Nash, K. M., & Shah, Z. A. (2015). Current perspectives on the beneficial role of Ginkgo biloba in neurological and cerebrovascular disorders. Integrative Medicine Insights, 10, IMI. S25054.
• Pietri, S., Maurelli, E., Drieu, K., & Culcasi, M. (1997). Cardioprotective and Anti-oxidant Effects of the Terpenoid Constituents of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761). Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 29(2), 733-742.
• Popovich, D. G., Yeo, C.-R., & Zhang, W. (2012). Ginsenosides derived from Asian (Panax ginseng), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and potential cytoactivity. International Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 56-62.
• Qi, L.-W., Wang, C.-Z., & Yuan, C.-S. (2011). Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. Phytochemistry, 72(8), 689-699.
• Sayadi, L., Missaoui, I., Jamoussi, B., & Abderraba, A. (2010). Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatographic Method for Identification and Quantification of Terpene Trilactones in Ginkgo biloba L. Extract and Pharmaceutical Preparations. The Open Chemical and Biomedical Methods Journal, 3, 18-24.
• Shin, B.-K., Kwon, S. W., & Park, J. H. (2015). Chemical diversity of ginseng saponins from Panax ginseng. Journal of ginseng research, 39(4), 287-298.
• Shin, J.-Y., Choi, E.-H., & Wee, J.-J. (2001a). The difference of ginsenoside compositions according to the conditions of extraction and fractionation of crude ginseng saponins. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 33(3), 282-287.
• Shin, J.-Y., Choi, E.-H., & Wee, J.-J. (2001b). New methods for separation of crude ginseng saponins. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 33(2), 166-172.
• Smith, J., & Luo, Y. (2004). Studies on molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 64(4), 465-472.
• Stiker, O., Meier, B., & Hasler, A. (2000). The analysis of ginkgo flavonoids, in van Beek TA (ed), Ginkgo biloba. In: Harwood, Amsterdam.
• Tang, D., Yang, D., Tang, A., Gao, Y., Jiang, X., Mou, J., & Yin, X. (2010). Simultaneous chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis of Ginkgo biloba extract by HPLC–DAD. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 396(8), 3087-3095.
• van Beek, T. A. (2002). Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts. Journal of Chromatography a, 967(1), 21-55.
• van Beek, T. A., & Montoro, P. (2009). Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. Journal of Chromatography a, 1216(11), 2002-2032.
• Wang, H., & Ju, X. (2000). Rapid analysis of terpene lactones in extract of Ginkgo biloba L. by high performance liquid chromatography. Se pu= Chinese journal of chromatography, 18(5), 394.
• Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Yao, X., & Cheng, Z. (2017). Rapid and sensitive determination of major active ingredients and toxic components in Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb 761) by a validated UPLC–MS-MS Method. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 55(4), 459-464.
• Xia, Y.-G., Song, Y., Liang, J., Guo, X.-D., Yang, B.-Y., & Kuang, H.-X. (2018). Quality Analysis of American Ginseng Cultivated in Heilongjiang Using UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS with Chemometric Methods. Molecules, 23(9), 2396.
• Yang, W.-z., Hu, Y., Wu, W.-y., Ye, M., & Guo, D.-a. (2014). Saponins in the genus Panax L.(Araliaceae): a systematic review of their chemical diversity. Phytochemistry, 106, 7-24.
• Yu, J., Xu, T., Lin, H., Lin, Y., Zhou, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of American Ginseng for Different Parts and Abnormal Trait Based on the Major Ginsenoside Contents and Morphological Characteristics. BioMed Research International, 2021.