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Acute toxicity, phenol content, antioxidant and postprandial anti-diabetic activity of Echinops spinosus extracts

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 91 - 102, 10.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1031208

Öz

Echinops spinosus, belonging to Asteraceae family, is used in folk medicine as an abortifacient and diuretic and for blood circulation, diabetes, stomach pain, indigestion and spasmolytic problems. The objective of this work is the study of acute toxicity, the content of phenolic compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 and xanthine oxidase) and antidiabetic (α-amylase, α- glucosidase and lipase) in vitro and ex-vivo by studying the starch tolerance test. The phytochemical assay showed that the ethanolic extract is the richest in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins with 77.01 mg GEA/g extract; 544.33 mg RE/g extract, and 32.20 mg EC/g extract, respectively. The ethanolic extract showed better antioxidant activity compared to the aqueous extract with (IC50=13±0.25 µg/mL; IC50=75.11±0.34 mg TE/g extract; IC50=51.1±1.2 mg AAE/g extract; IC50=28.2±2.87 µg/mL and 16.83 ± 0.72 µg/mL) in DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 and xanthine oxidase. Extracts of E. spinosus have shown a remarkable inhibitory effect α-amylase and interesting inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase and lipase. The aqueous and ethanolic extract also lowered blood sugar levels to 0.96 and 0.93g/L, respectively, after 90 minutes in starch-loaded rats. Acute toxicity results indicate that E. spinosus extracts are non-toxic with an LD50 greater than 2 g/kg in female Swiss mice. Therefore, the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity may be at the origin of the bioactive compounds contained in the plant E. spinosus. However, in vivo studies on the mechanism of action are needed against oxidative stress associated with diabetes.

Kaynakça

  • Agyare, C., Obiri, D.D., Boakye, Y.D., & Osafo, N. (2013). Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of African Medicinal Plants. In Medicinal Plant Research in Africa : Pharmacology and Chemistry. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405927-6.00019-9
  • Ali, R.B., Atangwho, I.J., Kuar, N., Ahmad, M., Mahmud, R., & Asmawi, M.Z. (2013). In vitro and in vivo effects of standardized extract and fractions of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits pericarp on lead carbohydrate digesting enzymes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-39
  • Amarowicz, R., Pegg, R.B., Rahimi-Moghaddam, P., Barl, B., & Weil, J.A. (2004). Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chemistry, 84(4), 551‑562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00278-4
  • Bahmani, M., Zargaran, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., & Saki, K. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia, Northwest Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(S1), S348‑S354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60257-1
  • Beejmohun, V., Peytavy-Izard, M., Mignon, C., Muscente-Paque, D., Deplanque, X., Ripoll, C., & Chapal, N. (2014). Acute effect of Ceylon cinnamon extract on postprandial glycemia : Alpha-amylase inhibition, starch tolerance test in rats, and randomized crossover clinical trial in healthy volunteers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1), 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-351
  • Bouzabata, A., Mahomoodally, F., & Tuberoso, C. (2018). Ethnopharmacognosy of Echinops spinosus L. in North Africa : A Mini Review. Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 9(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.20180318051853
  • Boylan, F., Menezes, S., & Leita, G.G. (2015). Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother Res Screening of Brazilian Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity by the Use of DPPH Free. 130(August), 127‑130.
  • Burton-Freeman, B. (2010). Postprandial metabolic events and fruit-derived phenolics : A review of the science. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(SUPPL.3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510003909
  • Chakrabarti, R., Singh, B., Prakrith, V.N., Vanchhawng, L., & Thirumurugan, K. (2014). Screening of nine herbal plants for in vitro α-amylase inhibition. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 7(4), 84‑89.
  • Dammak, D.F., Saad, H. Ben, Bouattour, E., Boudawara, O., & Jarraya, R.M. (2020). Improvement on high-cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis, lipid profile, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the liver of mice by Echinops spinosissimus Turra subsp. Spinosus. 1‑25. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-18432/v1
  • Dewanto, V., Wu, X., & Liu, R.H. (2002). Processed sweet corn has higher antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(17), 4959‑4964. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0255937
  • Elya, B., Handayani, R., Sauriasari, R., Azizahwati, Hasyyati, U.S., Permana, I.T., & Permatasari, Y.I. (2015). Antidiabetic activity and phytochemical screening of extracts from indonesian plants by inhibition of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(6), 273‑278. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2015.279.284
  • Etoundi, C.B., Kuaté, D., Ngondi, J.L., & Oben, J. (2010). Journal of Natural Products Anti-amylase , anti-lipase and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of some Cameroonian spices. Journal of Natural Products, 3, 165‑171.
  • Ferreira, P.S., Victorelli, F.D., Fonseca-Santos, B., & Chorilli, M. (2019). A Review of Analytical Methods for p-Coumaric Acid in Plant-Based Products, Beverages, and Biological Matrices. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 49(1), 21‑31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2018.1459173
  • Ghorbani, A. (2017). Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 96(August), 305‑312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.001
  • Guideline, O. T. (2012). 425. 2001. Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Guidelines 425, acute oral toxicity—Up-and-down procedure.
  • Helal, N.M., Alharby, H.F., Alharbi, B.M., Bamagoos, A.A., & Hashim, A.M. (2020). Thymelaea hirsuta and Echinops spinosus : Xerophytic plants with high potential for first-generation biodiesel production. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031137
  • Hu, B., Cui, F., Yin, F., Zeng, X., Sun, Y., & Li, Y. (2015). Caffeoylquinic acids competitively inhibit pancreatic lipase through binding to the catalytic triad. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 80, 529‑535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.031
  • Huang, B., Ke, H., He, J., Ban, X., Zeng, H., & Wang, Y. (2011). Extracts of Halenia elliptica exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(1), 185‑190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.015
  • Julkunen-Tiitto, R. (1985). Phenolic Constituents in the Leaves of Northern Willows : Methods for the Analysis of Certain Phenolics. Nutritional and Toxicological Aspects of Food Safety, 33(92), 448.
  • Kee, K.T., Koh, M., Oong, L.X., & Ng, K. (2013). Screening culinary herbs for antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48(9), 1884‑1891. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12166
  • Khadayat, K., Marasini, B.P., Gautam, H., Ghaju, S., & Parajuli, N. (2020). Evaluation of the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of Nepalese medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Clinical Phytoscience, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00179-8
  • Khedher, O., Moussaoui, Y., & Salem, Ben, R. (2014). Solvent effects on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the Echinops Spinosus and the Limoniastrum Monopetalum. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 5(2), 66‑76.
  • Khedher, O., Rigane, G., Riguene, H., Ben Salem, R., & Moussaoui, Y. (2020). Phenolic profile (HPLC-UV) analysis and biological activities of two organic extracts from Echinops spinosissimus Turra roots growing in Tunisia. Natural Product Research, 0(0), 1‑8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1837812
  • Loizzo, M.R. et al. (2008) ‘In vitro inhibitory activities of plants used in Lebanon traditional medicine against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and digestive enzymes related to diabetes’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(1), 109 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.003
  • Marc, E.B., Nelly, A., Annick, D.D., & Frederic, D. (2008). Plants used as remedies antirheumatic and antineuralgic in the traditional medicine of Lebanon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120(3), 315‑334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.024
  • Muruhan, S., Selvaraj, S., & Viswanathan, P.K. (2013). In vitro antioxidant activities of Solanum surattense leaf extract. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(1), 28‑34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60019-2
  • Musabayane, C.T. (2012). The effects of medicinal plants on renal function and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 23(8), 462‑468. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-025
  • Schinella, G.R., Tournier, H.A., Prieto, J.M., Mordujovich De Buschiazzo, P., & Ríos, J.L. (2002). Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life Sciences, 70(9), 1023‑1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01482-5
  • Shelly. H, Lei. Z, Jianrong. L, Shi. S, Corene. C.K.Z. (2010). Antioxidant rich grape pomace extract suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by specifically inhibiting alpha-gucosidase. Nutrition & Metabolism, 7(1), 1‑9.
  • Shihabudeen, H.M.S., Priscilla, D.H., & Thirumurugan, K. (2011). Cinnamon extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. Nutrition & metabolism, 8(1), 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16307
  • Shobana, S., Sreerama, Y.N. and Malleshi, N.G. (2009) ‘Composition and enzyme inhibitory properties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) seed coat phenolics: Mode of inhibition of α-glucosidase and pancreatic amylase’, Food Chemistry, 115(4), pp. 1268–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.042
  • Soliman, G.A., & Abd El Raheim, M. (2015). Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant effect of Atriplex farinosa and Atriplex nummularia in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in rats. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 4(12), 10‑18.
  • Spanos, G.A., & Wrolstad, R.E. (1990). Influence of Processing and Storage on the Phenolic Composition of Thompson Seedless Grape Juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38(7), 1565‑1571. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00097a030
  • Tuberoso, C.I.G., Boban, M., Bifulco, E., Budimir, D., & Pirisi, F.M. (2013). Antioxidant capacity and vasodilatory properties of Mediterranean food : The case of Cannonau wine, myrtle berries liqueur and strawberry-tree honey. Food Chemistry, 140(4), 686‑691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.071
  • Uddin, N., Hasan, M.R., Hossain, M.M., Sarker, A., Nazmul Hasan, A.H.M., Mahmudul Islam, A.F.M., Chowdhury, M.M.H., & Rana, M.S. (2014). In vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr. Fruit. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(6), 473‑479. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1173
  • Umamaheswari, M., AsokKumar, K., Somasundaram, A., Sivashanmugam, T., Subhadradevi, V., & Ravi, T. K. (2007). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Indian medical plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(3), 547‑551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.020
  • Yahyaoui, A., Khedher, O., Rigane, G., Ben Salem, R., & Moussaoui, Y. (2018). Chemical analysis of essential oil from Echinops spinosus L. roots : Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 63(3), 199‑204.
  • Yusoff, N.A., Ahmad, M., al Hindi, B., Widyawati, T., Yam, M.F., Mahmud, R., Razak, K.N.A., & Asmawi, M.Z. (2015). Aqueous extract of nypa fruticans wurmb. Vinegar alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in normoglycemic rats. Nutrients, 7(8), 7012‑7026. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085320

Acute toxicity, phenol content, antioxidant and postprandial anti-diabetic activity of Echinops spinosus extracts

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 91 - 102, 10.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1031208

Öz

Echinops spinosus, belonging to Asteraceae family, is used in folk medicine as an abortifacient and diuretic and for blood circulation, diabetes, stomach pain, indigestion and spasmolytic problems. The objective of this work is the study of acute toxicity, the content of phenolic compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 and xanthine oxidase) and antidiabetic (α-amylase, α- glucosidase and lipase) in vitro and ex-vivo by studying the starch tolerance test. The phytochemical assay showed that the ethanolic extract is the richest in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins with 77.01 mg GEA/g extract; 544.33 mg RE/g extract, and 32.20 mg EC/g extract, respectively. The ethanolic extract showed better antioxidant activity compared to the aqueous extract with (IC50=13±0.25 µg/mL; IC50=75.11±0.34 mg TE/g extract; IC50=51.1±1.2 mg AAE/g extract; IC50=28.2±2.87 µg/mL and 16.83 ± 0.72 µg/mL) in DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 and xanthine oxidase. Extracts of E. spinosus have shown a remarkable inhibitory effect α-amylase and interesting inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase and lipase. The aqueous and ethanolic extract also lowered blood sugar levels to 0.96 and 0.93g/L, respectively, after 90 minutes in starch-loaded rats. Acute toxicity results indicate that E. spinosus extracts are non-toxic with an LD50 greater than 2 g/kg in female Swiss mice. Therefore, the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity may be at the origin of the bioactive compounds contained in the plant E. spinosus. However, in vivo studies on the mechanism of action are needed against oxidative stress associated with diabetes.

Kaynakça

  • Agyare, C., Obiri, D.D., Boakye, Y.D., & Osafo, N. (2013). Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of African Medicinal Plants. In Medicinal Plant Research in Africa : Pharmacology and Chemistry. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405927-6.00019-9
  • Ali, R.B., Atangwho, I.J., Kuar, N., Ahmad, M., Mahmud, R., & Asmawi, M.Z. (2013). In vitro and in vivo effects of standardized extract and fractions of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits pericarp on lead carbohydrate digesting enzymes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-39
  • Amarowicz, R., Pegg, R.B., Rahimi-Moghaddam, P., Barl, B., & Weil, J.A. (2004). Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chemistry, 84(4), 551‑562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00278-4
  • Bahmani, M., Zargaran, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., & Saki, K. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia, Northwest Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(S1), S348‑S354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60257-1
  • Beejmohun, V., Peytavy-Izard, M., Mignon, C., Muscente-Paque, D., Deplanque, X., Ripoll, C., & Chapal, N. (2014). Acute effect of Ceylon cinnamon extract on postprandial glycemia : Alpha-amylase inhibition, starch tolerance test in rats, and randomized crossover clinical trial in healthy volunteers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1), 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-351
  • Bouzabata, A., Mahomoodally, F., & Tuberoso, C. (2018). Ethnopharmacognosy of Echinops spinosus L. in North Africa : A Mini Review. Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 9(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.20180318051853
  • Boylan, F., Menezes, S., & Leita, G.G. (2015). Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother Res Screening of Brazilian Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity by the Use of DPPH Free. 130(August), 127‑130.
  • Burton-Freeman, B. (2010). Postprandial metabolic events and fruit-derived phenolics : A review of the science. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(SUPPL.3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510003909
  • Chakrabarti, R., Singh, B., Prakrith, V.N., Vanchhawng, L., & Thirumurugan, K. (2014). Screening of nine herbal plants for in vitro α-amylase inhibition. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 7(4), 84‑89.
  • Dammak, D.F., Saad, H. Ben, Bouattour, E., Boudawara, O., & Jarraya, R.M. (2020). Improvement on high-cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis, lipid profile, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the liver of mice by Echinops spinosissimus Turra subsp. Spinosus. 1‑25. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-18432/v1
  • Dewanto, V., Wu, X., & Liu, R.H. (2002). Processed sweet corn has higher antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(17), 4959‑4964. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0255937
  • Elya, B., Handayani, R., Sauriasari, R., Azizahwati, Hasyyati, U.S., Permana, I.T., & Permatasari, Y.I. (2015). Antidiabetic activity and phytochemical screening of extracts from indonesian plants by inhibition of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(6), 273‑278. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2015.279.284
  • Etoundi, C.B., Kuaté, D., Ngondi, J.L., & Oben, J. (2010). Journal of Natural Products Anti-amylase , anti-lipase and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of some Cameroonian spices. Journal of Natural Products, 3, 165‑171.
  • Ferreira, P.S., Victorelli, F.D., Fonseca-Santos, B., & Chorilli, M. (2019). A Review of Analytical Methods for p-Coumaric Acid in Plant-Based Products, Beverages, and Biological Matrices. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 49(1), 21‑31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2018.1459173
  • Ghorbani, A. (2017). Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 96(August), 305‑312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.001
  • Guideline, O. T. (2012). 425. 2001. Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Guidelines 425, acute oral toxicity—Up-and-down procedure.
  • Helal, N.M., Alharby, H.F., Alharbi, B.M., Bamagoos, A.A., & Hashim, A.M. (2020). Thymelaea hirsuta and Echinops spinosus : Xerophytic plants with high potential for first-generation biodiesel production. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031137
  • Hu, B., Cui, F., Yin, F., Zeng, X., Sun, Y., & Li, Y. (2015). Caffeoylquinic acids competitively inhibit pancreatic lipase through binding to the catalytic triad. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 80, 529‑535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.031
  • Huang, B., Ke, H., He, J., Ban, X., Zeng, H., & Wang, Y. (2011). Extracts of Halenia elliptica exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(1), 185‑190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.015
  • Julkunen-Tiitto, R. (1985). Phenolic Constituents in the Leaves of Northern Willows : Methods for the Analysis of Certain Phenolics. Nutritional and Toxicological Aspects of Food Safety, 33(92), 448.
  • Kee, K.T., Koh, M., Oong, L.X., & Ng, K. (2013). Screening culinary herbs for antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48(9), 1884‑1891. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12166
  • Khadayat, K., Marasini, B.P., Gautam, H., Ghaju, S., & Parajuli, N. (2020). Evaluation of the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of Nepalese medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Clinical Phytoscience, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00179-8
  • Khedher, O., Moussaoui, Y., & Salem, Ben, R. (2014). Solvent effects on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the Echinops Spinosus and the Limoniastrum Monopetalum. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 5(2), 66‑76.
  • Khedher, O., Rigane, G., Riguene, H., Ben Salem, R., & Moussaoui, Y. (2020). Phenolic profile (HPLC-UV) analysis and biological activities of two organic extracts from Echinops spinosissimus Turra roots growing in Tunisia. Natural Product Research, 0(0), 1‑8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1837812
  • Loizzo, M.R. et al. (2008) ‘In vitro inhibitory activities of plants used in Lebanon traditional medicine against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and digestive enzymes related to diabetes’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(1), 109 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.003
  • Marc, E.B., Nelly, A., Annick, D.D., & Frederic, D. (2008). Plants used as remedies antirheumatic and antineuralgic in the traditional medicine of Lebanon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120(3), 315‑334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.024
  • Muruhan, S., Selvaraj, S., & Viswanathan, P.K. (2013). In vitro antioxidant activities of Solanum surattense leaf extract. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(1), 28‑34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60019-2
  • Musabayane, C.T. (2012). The effects of medicinal plants on renal function and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 23(8), 462‑468. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-025
  • Schinella, G.R., Tournier, H.A., Prieto, J.M., Mordujovich De Buschiazzo, P., & Ríos, J.L. (2002). Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life Sciences, 70(9), 1023‑1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01482-5
  • Shelly. H, Lei. Z, Jianrong. L, Shi. S, Corene. C.K.Z. (2010). Antioxidant rich grape pomace extract suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by specifically inhibiting alpha-gucosidase. Nutrition & Metabolism, 7(1), 1‑9.
  • Shihabudeen, H.M.S., Priscilla, D.H., & Thirumurugan, K. (2011). Cinnamon extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. Nutrition & metabolism, 8(1), 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16307
  • Shobana, S., Sreerama, Y.N. and Malleshi, N.G. (2009) ‘Composition and enzyme inhibitory properties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) seed coat phenolics: Mode of inhibition of α-glucosidase and pancreatic amylase’, Food Chemistry, 115(4), pp. 1268–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.042
  • Soliman, G.A., & Abd El Raheim, M. (2015). Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant effect of Atriplex farinosa and Atriplex nummularia in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in rats. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 4(12), 10‑18.
  • Spanos, G.A., & Wrolstad, R.E. (1990). Influence of Processing and Storage on the Phenolic Composition of Thompson Seedless Grape Juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38(7), 1565‑1571. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00097a030
  • Tuberoso, C.I.G., Boban, M., Bifulco, E., Budimir, D., & Pirisi, F.M. (2013). Antioxidant capacity and vasodilatory properties of Mediterranean food : The case of Cannonau wine, myrtle berries liqueur and strawberry-tree honey. Food Chemistry, 140(4), 686‑691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.071
  • Uddin, N., Hasan, M.R., Hossain, M.M., Sarker, A., Nazmul Hasan, A.H.M., Mahmudul Islam, A.F.M., Chowdhury, M.M.H., & Rana, M.S. (2014). In vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr. Fruit. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(6), 473‑479. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1173
  • Umamaheswari, M., AsokKumar, K., Somasundaram, A., Sivashanmugam, T., Subhadradevi, V., & Ravi, T. K. (2007). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Indian medical plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(3), 547‑551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.020
  • Yahyaoui, A., Khedher, O., Rigane, G., Ben Salem, R., & Moussaoui, Y. (2018). Chemical analysis of essential oil from Echinops spinosus L. roots : Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 63(3), 199‑204.
  • Yusoff, N.A., Ahmad, M., al Hindi, B., Widyawati, T., Yam, M.F., Mahmud, R., Razak, K.N.A., & Asmawi, M.Z. (2015). Aqueous extract of nypa fruticans wurmb. Vinegar alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in normoglycemic rats. Nutrients, 7(8), 7012‑7026. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085320
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kaoutar Benrahou Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1391-6232

Latifa Doudach Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4687-0066

Hanaa Naceiri Mrabti Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8145-2572

Otman El Guourrami Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5315-6063

Gokhan Zengin 0000-0001-6548-7823

Abdelhakim Bouyahya 0000-0001-9317-1631

Yahia Cherrah Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7890-9028

My El Abbes Faouzi Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3863-4677

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Benrahou, K., Doudach, L., Mrabti, H. N., El Guourrami, O., vd. (2022). Acute toxicity, phenol content, antioxidant and postprandial anti-diabetic activity of Echinops spinosus extracts. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 9(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1031208
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite
e-ISSN: 2148-6905