The therapeutic effects and antioxidant properties of epigallocatechin-3 gallate: A new review

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 125 - 136, 15.06.2022

Seda Beyaz Özlem Gök Abdullah Aslan

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1017559

Cited By: 2

Öz

The aim of this review is to investigate the possible protective and preventive effects of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) in terms of human health including hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephrotoxicity and anticancer effects. Green tea is one of the most consumed beverages in many countries, especially in Turkey and it plays protective roles in the treatment of various diseases via the polyphenol it contains. It is known that EGCG, which is the main bioactive polyphenol in green tea, has versatile bioactivities. It has been determined that EGCG has the highest free radical scavenging ability among common phenolic compounds. It regulates gene expression and molecular signaling pathways by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, it prevents cell death by suppressing cytokine production and neutrophil migration in inflammatory diseases. With the studies conducted in the last decade, it has been determined that EGCG has anticancer, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, antihypertensive and neuroprotective activities. Especially, its anticancer effect has been found to have chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities in various cancer types such as colon, lung and breast cancer with in vivo and in vitro studies conducted to investigate molecular targets. This review was written to examine the possible protective and preventive effects of EGCG in terms of human health, including its hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephrotoxicity and anticancer effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anticancer, Antioxidant, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Green tea, Polyphenol

Kaynakça

• Abd El-Rahman, S.S., Shehab, G., & Nashaat, H. (2017). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate: the prospective targeting of cancer stem cells and preventing metastasis of chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats. Am. J. Med. Sci., 354(1), 54-63.
• Abib, R.T., Peres, K.C., Barbosa, A.M., Peres, T.V., Bernardes, A., Zimmermann, L.M., Santos, A.Q., Fiedler, H.D., Leal, R.B., Farina, M., & Gottfried, C. (2011). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects rat brain mitochondria against cadmium-induced damage. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49(10), 2618-2623.
• Al Hroob, A.M., Abukhalil, M.H., Hussein, O.E., & Mahmoud, A.M. (2019). Pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biomed Pharmacother., 109, 2155-2172.
• Bilcanoglu, B. (2019). A research on the purifıcation of catechin from green tea waste with macroporous adsorption resins [Master Thesis, Inonu University]. Malatya, Turkey.
• Bimonte, S., Albino, V., Piccirillo, M., Nasto, A., Molino, C., Palaia, R., & Cascella, M. (2019). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Experimental findings and translational perspectives. Drug Des. Develop Ther., 13, 611.
• Cellat, M., & Kılıcalp, D. (2010). The effect of green tea on prooxidant-antioxidant levels in kidney tissue of guinea pigs exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Firat Univ Health Sci Vet J., 24(1), 17-21.
• Cerezo-Guisado, M.I., Zur, R., Lorenzo, M.J., Risco, A., Martín-Serrano, M.A., Alvarez-Barrientos, A., Cuenda, A., & Centeno, F. (2015). Implication of Akt, Erk 1/2 and alternative p38MAPK signalling pathways in human colon cancer cell apoptosis induced by green tea EGCG. Food Chem. Toxicol., 84, 125-132.
• Chen, C., Chang, K., Lin, R., Wang, M., Shih, R., Tseng, H., Soung, H., & Chia, T. (2016). Nitric oxide pathway activity modulation alters the protective effects of (−) epigallocatechin-3-gallate on reserpine-induced impairment in rats. Behav. Brain Res., 305, 198–211.
• Chu, C., Deng, J., Man, Y., & Qu, Y. (2017). Green tea extracts epigallocatechin-3-gallate for different treatments. Biomed Res Int., 1-9.
• Elmas, C., & Gezer, C. (2019). Composition and health effects of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Academic Food., 17(3), 428.
• Eng, Q.Y., Thanikachalam, P.V., & Ramamurthy, S. (2018). Molecular understanding of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Ethnopharmacol., 210, 296-310.
• Falsini, B., Marangoni, D., Salgarello, T., Stifano, G., Montrone, L., Di Landro, S., Guccione, L., Balestrazzi, E., & Colotto, A. (2009). Effect of epigallocatechin-gallate on inner retinal function in ocular hypertension and glaucoma: A short-term study by pattern electroretinogram. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol., 247(9), 1223-1233.
• Fiorini, R.N., Donovan, J.L., Rodwell, D., Evans, Z., Cheng, G., Mayıs, H.D., Milliken, C.E., Markowitz, J.S., Campbell, C., Haines, J.K. Schmidt, M.G., & Chavin, K.D. (2005). Short-term administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate reduces hepatic steatosis and protects against warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in steatotic mice. Liver Transpl., 11, 298–308.
• Fouad, A.A., Qutub, H.O., Fouad, A.E.A., Audeh, A.M., & Al-Melhim, W.N. (2017). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate counters cisplatin toxicity of rat testes. Pharm. Biol., 55(1), 1710-1714.
• Ganesan, K., & Xu, B. (2017). Polyphenol-rich lentils and their health promoting effects. Int J Mol Sci., 18(11), 2390.
• Gumuscu, S.A. (2019). Investigation of the possible protective effects of Curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate against oxidative stress in rats [Master Thesis, Mersin University]. Mersin, Turkey.
• Guzeldir, K. (2015). The importance and the place of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) kuntze) in phytotherapy [Master Thesis, Gazi University]. Ankara, Turkey.
• Hassan, E., Kahilo, K., Kamal, T., Hassan, M., & Elgawish, M.S. (2019). The protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on testicular oxidative stress in lead-induced toxicity mediated by Cyp19 gene/estradiol level. Toxicol., 422, 76-83.
• He, Y., Tan, D., Mi, Y., Bai, B., Jiang, D., Zhou, X., & Ji, S. (2017). Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 36(10), 1087-1099.
• Huang, J., Feng, S., Liu, A., Dai, Z., Wang, H., Reuhl, K., Lu, W., & Yang, C.S. (2018). Green tea polyphenol EGCG alleviates metabolic abnormality and fatty liver by decreasing bile acid and lipid absorption in mice. Mol Nutr. Food Res., 62(4), 1700696.
• Jankun, J., Keck, R. W., & Selman, S.H. (2014). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents tumor cell implantation/growth in an experimental rat bladder tumor model. Int J Oncol., 44(1), 147-152.
• Kasper, B., Salameh, A., Salameh, M., Salameh, P., Kostelka, M., Mohr, F.W., & Dhein, S. (2016). Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates cardiopulmonary bypass-associated lung injury. J Surg. Res., 201, 313-315.
• Khalatbary, A.R., & Khademi, E. (2020). The green tea polyphenolic catechin epigallocatechin gallate and neuroprotection. Nutr. Neurosci., 23(4), 281-294.
• Ko, H., Yani, Y., Jeon, H., Jeong, M.H., Choi, H.K., Ryu, S.H., Lee, S.W., Yoon, H.G., & Choi, K.C. (2013). TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and acetylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 are negatively regulated by egcg in human A549 lung cancer cell. Cancer Lett., 335, 205-213.
• Koken, E. (2018). Investigation of the effects of exogenous follistatin in the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats [Specialization Thesis in Medicine, Izmir Kâtip Celebi University]. Izmir, Turkey.
• Kumar, V., Gour, S., Peter, O.S., Gandhi, S., Goyal, P., Pandey, J., Harsolia, R.S., & Yadav, J.K. (2017). Effect of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the aggregation of αA (66-80) peptide, a major fragment of αa-crystallin involved in cataract development. Curr. Eye Res., 42(10), 1368-1377.
• Lecumberri, E., Dupertuis, Y.M., Miralbell, R., & Pichard, C. (2013). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as adjuvant in cancer therapy. Clin. Nutr. 32(6), 894-903.
• Lee, H.S., Chauhan, S.K., Okanobo, A., Nallasamy, N., & Dana, R. (2011). Therapeutic efficacy of topical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in murine dry eye. Cornea., 30(12), 1465.
• Lee, S.R., Im, K.J., Suh, S.I., & Jung, J.G. (2003). Protective effect of green tea polyphenol (-)‐epigallocatechin gallate and other antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in gerbil brain homogenates. Phytother Res., 17(3), 206-209.
• Legeay, S., Rodier, M., Fillon, L., Faure, S., & Clere, N. (2015). Epigallocatechin gallate: A review of its beneficial properties to prevent metabolic syndrome. Nutr., 7(7), 5443-5468.
• Liao, S., Lin, J., Liu, J., Chen, T., Xu, M., & Zheng, J. (2019). Chemoprevention of elite tea variety CFT‐1 rich in EGCG against chemically induced liver cancer in rats. Food Sci Nutr., 7(8), 2647-2665.
• Liu, D., Zhang, X., Jiana, L., Guo, Y., & Zheng, C. (2014). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates concanavalin a-induced hepatic injury in mice. Acta Histochem., 116, 654–662.
• Luo, K.W., Chen, W., Lung, W.Y., Wei, X.Y., Cheng, B.H., Cai, Z.M., & Huang, W.R. (2017). EGCG inhibited bladder cancer SW780 cell proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo via down-regulation of NF-κB and MMP-9. J Nutr. Biochem., 41, 56-64.
• Luo, K.W., Zhu, X.H., Zhao, T., Zhong, J., Gao, H.C., Luo, X.L., Huang, W.R. (2020). EGCG enhanced the antitumor effect of doxorubicine in bladder cancer via NF-κB/MDM2/p53 pathway. Front. Cell Develop. Bio., 8, 1-11. Meng, J., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Qiu, J., Chang, C., Bi, F., Wu, X., Liu, W. (2020). EGCG protects vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced damage by targeting the autophagy-dependent PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Annals Trans. Med., 8(5), 200-212.
• Naito, Y., Ushiroda, C., Mizushima, K., Inoue, R., Yasukawa, Z., Abe, A., & Takagi, T. (2020). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the ınteraction between gut microbiota and bile acids. J Clin Biochem. Nutr., 20-39.
• Nikoo, M., Regenstein, J.M., & Gavlighi, H.A. (2018). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its potential to preserve the quality and safety of food. Comp. Reviews Food Sci. Food Safety., 17, 732-753.
• Othman, A., El-Sawi, M., El-Missiry, M., & Abukhalil, M. (2017). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy through modulating the cardiometabolic risk factors, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and fibrosis in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Biomed. Pharmacother., 94, 362–373.
• Oyama, J.I., Shiraki, A., Nishikido, T., Maeda, T., Komoda, H., Shimizu, T., Makino, N., & Node, K. (2017). EGCG, a green tea catechin, attenuates the progression of heart failure induced by the heart/muscle-specific deletion of MnSOD in mice. J cardiol., 69(2), 417-427.
• Peng, A., Ye, T., Rakheja, D., Tu, Y., Wang, T., Du, Y., Zhou, J.K., Vaziri, N.D., Zhao, H., Mohan, C., & Zhou, X.J. (2011). The green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int., 80(6), 601-611.
• Pervin, M., Unno, K., Ohishi, T., Tanabe, H., Miyoshi, N., & Nakamura, Y. (2018). Beneficial effects of green tea catechins on neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules., 23(6), 1297.
• Qi, S., Wang, C., Song, D., Song, Y., Dunaief, J.L. (2017). Intraperitoneal injection of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. Mol. Vision., 23, 171.
• Rishi, P., Arora, S., Kaur, U.J., Chopra, K., & Kaur, I.P. (2017). Better management of alcohol liver disease using a ‘microstructured synbox’ system comprising l. plantarum and EGCG. PLoS One., 12(1), 1-18.
• Saeed, N.M., El-Naga, R.N., El-Bakly, W.M., Abdel-Rahman, H.M., El-Din, R.A.S., & El-Demerdash, E. (2015). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate pretreatment attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A mechanistic study. Biochem. Pharmacol., 95(3), 145-155.
• Safwat, M.A., Kandil, B.A., Elblbesy, M.A., Soliman, G.M., & Eleraky, N.E. (2020). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded gold nanoparticles: preparation and evaluation of anticancer efficacy in ehrlich tumor-bearing mice. Pharmaceuticals, 13(9), 254.
• Sarıca Y. (2014). Evaluation of protective effects of CAPE and EGCG on PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways in rat testicular torsion ischemia/reperfusion injury [Master Thesis, Celal Bayar University] Manisa, Turkey.
• Shankar, S., Marsh, L., & Srivastava, R.K. (2013). EGCG inhibits growth of human pancreatic tumors orthotopically implanted in Balb C nude mice through modulation of FKHRL1/FOXO3a and neuropilin. Mol. Cell Biochem., 372(1), 83-94.
• Shen, C., Chen, L., Jiang, L., & Lai, T.Y. (2015). Neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. Neurosci Lett., 600, 132-136.
• Shirakami, Y., Shimizu, M., Adachi, S., Sakai, H., Nakagawa, T., Yasuda, Y., Tsurumi, H., Hara, Y., & Moriwaki, H. (2009). (–)-Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor–vascular endothelial growth factor receptor axis. Japanese Cancer Assoc., 100(10), 1957–1962.
• Singh, N.A., Mandal, A.K.A., & Khan, Z.A. (2015). Potential neuroprotective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Nutr. J., 15(1), 1-17.
• Snoussi, C., Ducroc, R., Hamdaoui, M.H., Dhaouadi, K., Abaidi, H., Cluzeaud, F., Nazaret, C., Le Gall, M., & Bado, A. (2014). Green tea decoction improves glucose tolerance and reduces weight gain of rats fed normal and high-fat diet. J. Nutr. Biochem., 25, 557–564.
• Srividhya, R., Gayathri, R., & Kalaiselvi, P. (2012). Impact of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on acetylcholine-acetycholine esterase cycle in aged rat brain. Neurochem. Int., 60, 517-522.
• Tepedelen, B.E. (2021). The effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on transcriptional regulation of migration and inflammation related genes in benign prostate hyperplasia cells. Celal Bayar Univ. J. Institute Health Sci., 8(2), 323-330.
• Tipoe, G.L., Leung, T.M., Liong, E.C., Lau, T.Y.H., Fung, M.L., & Nanji, A.A. (2010). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces liver inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol., 273, 45-52.
• Tseng, H.C., Wang, M.H., Soung, H.S., Chang, Y., & Chang, K.C. (2015). (−) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents the reserpine-induced impairment of short-term social memory in rats. Behav. Pharmacol., 26(8-9), 741-747.
• Wei, R., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Dong, J., Wu, F., Mackenzie, G.G., & Su, Z. (2021). (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal injury by modulating the tight junctions, inflammation and dysbiosis in mice. Food Func., 12(22), 11671-11685.
• Yalcın, A.S., Yılmaz, A.M., Altundağ E.M., & Kocturk, S. (2017). Anti-cancer effects of curcumin, quercetin and tea catechins. Marmara Pharma J., 21, 19-29.
• Yamamoto, N., Shibata, R., Tanida, M., Taniguchi, Y., Ikeda-Matsuo, Y., & Sobue, K. (2017). Epigallocatechin gallate induces extracellular degradation of amyloid β- protein by increasing neprilysin secretion from astrocytes through activation of Erk and PI3K pathways. Neurosci., 362, 70-78.
• Yang, S.B., Pang, B.X., Xue, J., & Yuan, R.T. (2019). Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in odontogenic keratocyst keratinocytes. Oral Dis., 25(4), 1175-1184.
• Yıldıran, H., & Gencer, F. (2018). Kidney diseases and protein metabolism. Nutr Diet J., 46, 7-12.
• Zeng, M., Wei, X., He, Y.L., Chen, J.X., Lin, W.T., & Xu, W.X. (2021). EGCG protects against myocardial I/RI by regulating lncRNA Gm4419-mediated epigenetic silencing of the DUSP5/ERK1/2 axis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharma., 433, 115782.
• Zhang, G., & Zhang, J. (2018). Enhanced oral bioavailability of EGCG using ph-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles: Characterization and in vivo investigation on nephrotic syndrome rats. Drug Des Develop Therapy., 12, 2509-2518.
• Zhao, X., Liu, F., Jin, H., Li, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, H., & Chen, W. (2017). Involvement of PKCα and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in EGCG’s protection against stress-induced neural injuries in wistar rats. Neurosci., 346, 226–237.
• Zhou, B.H., Zhao, J., Liu, J., Zhang, J.L., Li, J., & Wang, H.W. (2015). Fluoride-induced oxidative stress is involved in the morphological damage and dysfunction of liver in female mice. Chemosphere., 139, 504-511.
• Zhu, C., Xu, Y., Liu, Z.H., Wan, X.C., Li, D.X., & Tai, L.L. (2018). The anti-hyperuricemic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on hyperuricemic mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 97, 168–173.
• Zhu, J., Jiang, Y., Yang, X., Wang, S., Xie, C., Li, X., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Meng, Y., Zhu, M., Wu, R., Huang, C., Ma, X., Geng, S., Wu, J., & Zhong, C. (2017). Wnt/β-Catenin pathway mediates (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibition of lung cancer stem cells. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun., 482, 15-21.
• Zong, Y., Chen, F., Li, S., & Zhang, H. (2021). (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevents aminoglycosides-induced ototoxicity via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic pathways. Int. J. Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol., 150, 110920.