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The Effect of Lichen (Xanthoparmelia somloensis) Added in Broiler Rations on Performance Parameters and Organ Weights

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 17 - 22, 15.12.2020

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of feeding broilers with lichen supplemented feed on performance parameters and organ weight. 120 male Ross 308 animals (chicks) were used in the study. Chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups with 4 replications. There were 10 chicks in each subgroup. The control group (Group C) was formed with the group fed with additive-free feed. Lichen 1 group (Group L1) included the chicks fed with lichen added at the rate of 0.1% to their feed, while lichen 2 group (Group L2) included the ones fed with lichen added at the rate of 0.05% to their feed. In the 7-14 day period of the study, the highest body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were in group L2 while the lowest feed conversion rate (FCR) was in the control group. When the whole study was evaluated, the highest FI and BW were in group L2 while the lowest FCR was determined in the control group. Group L2 had the lowest mortality rate in the study. The hottest and coldest carcass and neck, thigh, chest and heart weights in the study were observed in Group L2. Consequently, it was found that lichens can be used as antimicrobial
feed additive to broiler rations at certain rates.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Yavuz HM. Çiftlik hayvanlarının beslenmesinde temel prensipler ve karma yem üretiminde bazı bilimsel yaklaşımlar [Basic principles in feeding farm animals and some scientific approaches in compound feed production]. İstanbul: Farmavet (2001).
  • [2] Landoni MF, Albarellos G. The use of antimicrobial agents in broiler chickens. The Veterinary Journal (2015) 205(1):21–27.
  • [3] Agunos A, Léger D, Carson C. Review of antimicrobial therapy of selected bacterial diseases in broiler chickens in Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal (2012) 53(12):1289.
  • [4] Page SW, Gautier P, others. Use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. Revue Scientifique et Technique-OIE (2012) 31(1):145.
  • [5] Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and global health (2015) 109(7):309–318.
  • [6] Goetting V, Lee KA, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs in laying hens and residues in eggs: a review of the literature. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (2011) 34(6):521–556.
  • [7] Reig M, Toldrá F. Veterinary drug residues in meat: Concerns and rapid methods for detection. Meat science (2008) 78(1-2):60–67.
  • [8] Newman KE. Antibiotic resistance is a reality: novel techniques for overcoming antibiotic resistance when using new growth promoters. Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries. Proceedings of Alltech’s 18th Annual Symposium, Nottingham University Press (2002):98–106.
  • [9] European Comission. Ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed enters into effect (2005). Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_05_1687.
  • [10] Pereira C, Barros L, Ferreira IC. A comparison of the nutritional contribution of thirty-nine aromatic plants used as condiments and/or herbal infusions. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (2015) 70(2):176–183.
  • [11] Huneck S. The significance of lichens and their metabolites. Naturwissenschaften (1999) 86(12):559–570.
  • [12] Müller K. Pharmaceutically relevant metabolites from lichens. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2001) 56(1-2):9–16.
  • [13] Basiouni S, Fayed MAA, Tarabees R, El-Sayed M, Elkhatam A, Töllner K-R, et al. Characterization of Sunflower Oil Extracts from the Lichen Usnea barbata. Metabolites (2020) 10(9):353.
  • [14] Ingolfsdottir K, Jurcic K, Fischer B, Wagner H. Immunologically active polysaccharide from Cetraria islandica. Planta medica (1994) 60(06):527–531.
  • [15] Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Tapia A, Lima B, Pertino M, Sortino M, Zacchino S, et al. A new antifungal and antiprotozoal depside from the Andean lichen Protousnea poeppigii. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives (2008) 22(3):349–355.
  • [16] Okuyama E, Umeyama K, Yamazaki M, Kinoshita Y, Yamamoto Y. Usnic acid and diffractaic acid as analgesic and antipyretic components of Usnea diffracta. Planta medica (1995) 61(02):113–115.
  • [17] Vijayakumar CS, Viswanathan S, Reddy MK, Parvathavarthini S, Kundu AB, Sukumar E. Anti-inflammatory activity of (+)-usnic acid. Fitoterapia (2000) 71(5):564–566.
  • [18] Guven E, Avcioglu H, Aslan A, Hayirli A. Anticoccidal efficacy of usnic acid in broilers. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg (2016) 22(4):551–556.
  • [19] Esimone CO, Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU, Ibezim EC, Aboniyi DO, Odaibo GN, et al. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of extracts from the lichen parmelia perlata (L) Ach. against three RNA viruses (2007).
  • [20] Wu J, Zhang M, Ding D, Tan T, Yan B. Effect of Cladonia alpestris on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Zhongguo ji Sheng Chong xue yu ji Sheng Chong Bing za zhi= Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases (1995) 13(2):126–129.
  • [21] Lauterwein M, Oethinger M, Belsner K, Peters T, Marre R. In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid,(+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (1995) 39(11):2541–2543.
  • [22] Aslan A, Öztürk A. Oltu (Erzurum) yöresine ait liken florası üzerine çalışmalar [Studies on lichen flora of Oltu (Erzurum) region]. Turk J Bot (1994) 18:103–106.
  • [23] Aslan A, Budak G, Karabulut A. The amounts Fe, Ba, Sr, K, Ca and Ti in some lichens growing in Erzurum province (Turkey). Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (2004) 88(4):423–431.
  • [24] Abo-Khatwa AN, Al-Robai AA, Al-Jawhari DA. The Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylationof Mouse-Liver Mitochondria in vivo by Usnic Acid. Science (2005) 17(1).
  • [25] Shukla V, Joshi GP, Rawat MS. Lichens as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds: a review. Phytochemistry reviews (2010) 9(2):303–314.
  • [26] Podterob AP. Chemical composition of lichens and their medical applications. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (2008) 42(10):582–588.
  • [27] Halici M, Odabasoglu F, Suleyman H, Cakir A, Aslan A, Bayir Y. Effects of water extract of Usnea longissima on antioxidant enzyme activity and mucosal damage caused by indomethacin in rats. Phytomedicine (2005) 12(9):656–662.
  • [28] Özcan O, Erdal H, Çakırca G, Yönden Z. Oksidatif stres ve hücre içi lipit, protein ve DNA yapıları üzerine etkileri [Oxidative stress and its effects on intracellular lipid, protein and DNA structures] (2015).
  • [29] McCord JM. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. The American journal of medicine (2000) 108(8):652–659.
  • [30] Gupta VK, Sharma SK. Plants as natural antioxidants. Natural Product Radiance (2006) 5(4):326–334.
  • [31] Marin L, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. BioMed research international (2015) 2015.
  • [32] Pacheco-Ordaz R, Wall-Medrano A, Goñi MG, Ramos-ClamontMontfort G, Ayala-Zavala JF, González-Aguilar GA. Effect of phenolic compounds on the growth of selected probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Letters in applied microbiology (2018) 66(1):25–31.
  • [33] Yildirim F, Tunç MA. The effect of dietary tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) powders in different levels on carcass characteristics and some internal organ’s weight of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science (2018) 20(1):179–182.
  • [34] Hosseinzadeh Z, Moghaddam G. Effects of Tarragon Powders different Levels (Artemisia Dracunculus) on General Performance And Anetometric Properties of Digestive System of Male Broiler Chickens (2014).
  • [35] Gharetappe FK, Hassanabadi A, Semnaninezhad H, Nassiry. The Effect of Dietary Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) and Peppermint 22 International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews 4(2) 17-22
  • (Mentha piperita) Leaves on Growth Performance and Antibody Response of Broiler Chickens. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science (2015) 5(2).
  • [36] Ahmadian A, Seidavi A, Phillips CJC. Growth, Carcass Composition, Haematology and Immunity of Broilers Supplemented with Sumac Berries (Rhus coriaria L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Animals (2020) 10(3):513.
  • [37] Zhu X, Liu W, Yuan S, Chen H. The Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Thyme Essential Oil on Serum Biochemical Indices in Mahua Broiler Chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science (2014) 13(3):3238. doi:10.4081/ijas.2014.3238.
  • [38] Ciftci M, Şimşek ÜG, Azman MA, Cerci IH, Tonbak F. The effects of dietary rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) oil supplementation on performance, carcass traits and some blood parameters of Japanese quail under heat stressed condition. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg (2013) 19(4):595–599.
  • [39] Landy N, Ghalamkari GH, Toghyani M. Evaluation of St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, carcass characteristics, some of the immune responses, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research (2012) 6(3):510–515.
  • [40] Ciftci M, Guler T, Dalkiliç B, Ertas ON. The effect of anise oil (Pimpinella anisum L.) on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science (2005) 4(11):851–855.
  • [41] Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K, Acamovic T. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British poultry science (2007) 48(4):496–506.
  • [42] Al-Ahmadi AA, Al-Robai AA, Abo-Khatwa AN, Ali SS. Assessment of Usnic Acid (Lichen Usnea Articulata Extract) Safety on Lipid Profile, Adipocytes Morphology and Liver Functions in Adult Male Rats. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Medical Sciences (2013) 20(2):45–66.
  • [43] Kuzmina IY, Ginter EV, Kuzmin AM. The effect of feed additives from mountain pine and lichens on the young cattle productivity in Magadan Region. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (2020) 547(1):12020. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/547/1/012020.
  • [44] Martins MCB, Lima MJG de, Silva FP, Azevedo-Ximenes E, Da Silva NH, Pereira EC. Cladia aggregata (lichen) from Brazilian northeast: chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity. Brazilian archives of biology and technology (2010) 53(1):115–122.
  • [45] Kokubun T, Shiu WKP, Gibbons S. Inhibitory activities of lichenderived compounds against methicillin-and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Planta medica (2007) 73(02):176–179.
  • [46] Olsen RH, Frantzen C, Christensen H, Bisgaard M. An investigation on first-week mortality in layers. Avian diseases (2012) 56(1):51–57.
  • [47] Blanco AE, Barz M, Icken W, Cavero D, Mazaheri A, Voss M, et al. Twenty years of amyloid arthropathy research in chickens. World’s Poultry Science Journal (2016) 72(3):495–508.
  • [48] Tankson JD, Thaxton JP, Vizzier-Thaxton Y. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers caused by Enterococcus faecalis. Infection and immunity (2001) 69(10):6318–6322.
  • [49] Weckesser S, Engel K, Simon-Haarhaus B, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Schempp Cá. Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance. Phytomedicine (2007) 14(7-8):508–516.
  • [50] Gordien AY, Gray AI, Ingleby K, Franzblau SG, Seidel V. Activity of Scottish plant, lichen and fungal endophyte extracts against Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives (2010) 24(5):692–698.
  • [51] Jamroz D, Orda J, Kamel C, Wiliczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Skorupinska J. The influence of phytogenic extracts on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbial status in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences (2003) 12(3):583–596.
  • [52] Araújo AA, Melo MG de, Rabelo TK, Nunes PS, Santos SL, Serafini, et al. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of usnic acid. Natural product research (2015) 29(23):2167–2180.
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 17 - 22, 15.12.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Yavuz HM. Çiftlik hayvanlarının beslenmesinde temel prensipler ve karma yem üretiminde bazı bilimsel yaklaşımlar [Basic principles in feeding farm animals and some scientific approaches in compound feed production]. İstanbul: Farmavet (2001).
  • [2] Landoni MF, Albarellos G. The use of antimicrobial agents in broiler chickens. The Veterinary Journal (2015) 205(1):21–27.
  • [3] Agunos A, Léger D, Carson C. Review of antimicrobial therapy of selected bacterial diseases in broiler chickens in Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal (2012) 53(12):1289.
  • [4] Page SW, Gautier P, others. Use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. Revue Scientifique et Technique-OIE (2012) 31(1):145.
  • [5] Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and global health (2015) 109(7):309–318.
  • [6] Goetting V, Lee KA, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs in laying hens and residues in eggs: a review of the literature. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (2011) 34(6):521–556.
  • [7] Reig M, Toldrá F. Veterinary drug residues in meat: Concerns and rapid methods for detection. Meat science (2008) 78(1-2):60–67.
  • [8] Newman KE. Antibiotic resistance is a reality: novel techniques for overcoming antibiotic resistance when using new growth promoters. Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries. Proceedings of Alltech’s 18th Annual Symposium, Nottingham University Press (2002):98–106.
  • [9] European Comission. Ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed enters into effect (2005). Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_05_1687.
  • [10] Pereira C, Barros L, Ferreira IC. A comparison of the nutritional contribution of thirty-nine aromatic plants used as condiments and/or herbal infusions. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (2015) 70(2):176–183.
  • [11] Huneck S. The significance of lichens and their metabolites. Naturwissenschaften (1999) 86(12):559–570.
  • [12] Müller K. Pharmaceutically relevant metabolites from lichens. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2001) 56(1-2):9–16.
  • [13] Basiouni S, Fayed MAA, Tarabees R, El-Sayed M, Elkhatam A, Töllner K-R, et al. Characterization of Sunflower Oil Extracts from the Lichen Usnea barbata. Metabolites (2020) 10(9):353.
  • [14] Ingolfsdottir K, Jurcic K, Fischer B, Wagner H. Immunologically active polysaccharide from Cetraria islandica. Planta medica (1994) 60(06):527–531.
  • [15] Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Tapia A, Lima B, Pertino M, Sortino M, Zacchino S, et al. A new antifungal and antiprotozoal depside from the Andean lichen Protousnea poeppigii. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives (2008) 22(3):349–355.
  • [16] Okuyama E, Umeyama K, Yamazaki M, Kinoshita Y, Yamamoto Y. Usnic acid and diffractaic acid as analgesic and antipyretic components of Usnea diffracta. Planta medica (1995) 61(02):113–115.
  • [17] Vijayakumar CS, Viswanathan S, Reddy MK, Parvathavarthini S, Kundu AB, Sukumar E. Anti-inflammatory activity of (+)-usnic acid. Fitoterapia (2000) 71(5):564–566.
  • [18] Guven E, Avcioglu H, Aslan A, Hayirli A. Anticoccidal efficacy of usnic acid in broilers. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg (2016) 22(4):551–556.
  • [19] Esimone CO, Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU, Ibezim EC, Aboniyi DO, Odaibo GN, et al. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of extracts from the lichen parmelia perlata (L) Ach. against three RNA viruses (2007).
  • [20] Wu J, Zhang M, Ding D, Tan T, Yan B. Effect of Cladonia alpestris on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Zhongguo ji Sheng Chong xue yu ji Sheng Chong Bing za zhi= Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases (1995) 13(2):126–129.
  • [21] Lauterwein M, Oethinger M, Belsner K, Peters T, Marre R. In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid,(+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (1995) 39(11):2541–2543.
  • [22] Aslan A, Öztürk A. Oltu (Erzurum) yöresine ait liken florası üzerine çalışmalar [Studies on lichen flora of Oltu (Erzurum) region]. Turk J Bot (1994) 18:103–106.
  • [23] Aslan A, Budak G, Karabulut A. The amounts Fe, Ba, Sr, K, Ca and Ti in some lichens growing in Erzurum province (Turkey). Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (2004) 88(4):423–431.
  • [24] Abo-Khatwa AN, Al-Robai AA, Al-Jawhari DA. The Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylationof Mouse-Liver Mitochondria in vivo by Usnic Acid. Science (2005) 17(1).
  • [25] Shukla V, Joshi GP, Rawat MS. Lichens as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds: a review. Phytochemistry reviews (2010) 9(2):303–314.
  • [26] Podterob AP. Chemical composition of lichens and their medical applications. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (2008) 42(10):582–588.
  • [27] Halici M, Odabasoglu F, Suleyman H, Cakir A, Aslan A, Bayir Y. Effects of water extract of Usnea longissima on antioxidant enzyme activity and mucosal damage caused by indomethacin in rats. Phytomedicine (2005) 12(9):656–662.
  • [28] Özcan O, Erdal H, Çakırca G, Yönden Z. Oksidatif stres ve hücre içi lipit, protein ve DNA yapıları üzerine etkileri [Oxidative stress and its effects on intracellular lipid, protein and DNA structures] (2015).
  • [29] McCord JM. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. The American journal of medicine (2000) 108(8):652–659.
  • [30] Gupta VK, Sharma SK. Plants as natural antioxidants. Natural Product Radiance (2006) 5(4):326–334.
  • [31] Marin L, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. BioMed research international (2015) 2015.
  • [32] Pacheco-Ordaz R, Wall-Medrano A, Goñi MG, Ramos-ClamontMontfort G, Ayala-Zavala JF, González-Aguilar GA. Effect of phenolic compounds on the growth of selected probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Letters in applied microbiology (2018) 66(1):25–31.
  • [33] Yildirim F, Tunç MA. The effect of dietary tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) powders in different levels on carcass characteristics and some internal organ’s weight of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science (2018) 20(1):179–182.
  • [34] Hosseinzadeh Z, Moghaddam G. Effects of Tarragon Powders different Levels (Artemisia Dracunculus) on General Performance And Anetometric Properties of Digestive System of Male Broiler Chickens (2014).
  • [35] Gharetappe FK, Hassanabadi A, Semnaninezhad H, Nassiry. The Effect of Dietary Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) and Peppermint 22 International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews 4(2) 17-22
  • (Mentha piperita) Leaves on Growth Performance and Antibody Response of Broiler Chickens. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science (2015) 5(2).
  • [36] Ahmadian A, Seidavi A, Phillips CJC. Growth, Carcass Composition, Haematology and Immunity of Broilers Supplemented with Sumac Berries (Rhus coriaria L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Animals (2020) 10(3):513.
  • [37] Zhu X, Liu W, Yuan S, Chen H. The Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Thyme Essential Oil on Serum Biochemical Indices in Mahua Broiler Chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science (2014) 13(3):3238. doi:10.4081/ijas.2014.3238.
  • [38] Ciftci M, Şimşek ÜG, Azman MA, Cerci IH, Tonbak F. The effects of dietary rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) oil supplementation on performance, carcass traits and some blood parameters of Japanese quail under heat stressed condition. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg (2013) 19(4):595–599.
  • [39] Landy N, Ghalamkari GH, Toghyani M. Evaluation of St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, carcass characteristics, some of the immune responses, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research (2012) 6(3):510–515.
  • [40] Ciftci M, Guler T, Dalkiliç B, Ertas ON. The effect of anise oil (Pimpinella anisum L.) on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science (2005) 4(11):851–855.
  • [41] Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K, Acamovic T. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British poultry science (2007) 48(4):496–506.
  • [42] Al-Ahmadi AA, Al-Robai AA, Abo-Khatwa AN, Ali SS. Assessment of Usnic Acid (Lichen Usnea Articulata Extract) Safety on Lipid Profile, Adipocytes Morphology and Liver Functions in Adult Male Rats. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Medical Sciences (2013) 20(2):45–66.
  • [43] Kuzmina IY, Ginter EV, Kuzmin AM. The effect of feed additives from mountain pine and lichens on the young cattle productivity in Magadan Region. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (2020) 547(1):12020. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/547/1/012020.
  • [44] Martins MCB, Lima MJG de, Silva FP, Azevedo-Ximenes E, Da Silva NH, Pereira EC. Cladia aggregata (lichen) from Brazilian northeast: chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity. Brazilian archives of biology and technology (2010) 53(1):115–122.
  • [45] Kokubun T, Shiu WKP, Gibbons S. Inhibitory activities of lichenderived compounds against methicillin-and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Planta medica (2007) 73(02):176–179.
  • [46] Olsen RH, Frantzen C, Christensen H, Bisgaard M. An investigation on first-week mortality in layers. Avian diseases (2012) 56(1):51–57.
  • [47] Blanco AE, Barz M, Icken W, Cavero D, Mazaheri A, Voss M, et al. Twenty years of amyloid arthropathy research in chickens. World’s Poultry Science Journal (2016) 72(3):495–508.
  • [48] Tankson JD, Thaxton JP, Vizzier-Thaxton Y. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers caused by Enterococcus faecalis. Infection and immunity (2001) 69(10):6318–6322.
  • [49] Weckesser S, Engel K, Simon-Haarhaus B, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Schempp Cá. Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance. Phytomedicine (2007) 14(7-8):508–516.
  • [50] Gordien AY, Gray AI, Ingleby K, Franzblau SG, Seidel V. Activity of Scottish plant, lichen and fungal endophyte extracts against Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives (2010) 24(5):692–698.
  • [51] Jamroz D, Orda J, Kamel C, Wiliczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Skorupinska J. The influence of phytogenic extracts on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbial status in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences (2003) 12(3):583–596.
  • [52] Araújo AA, Melo MG de, Rabelo TK, Nunes PS, Santos SL, Serafini, et al. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of usnic acid. Natural product research (2015) 29(23):2167–2180.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Muhammet Ali Tunç Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Akif Yörük Bu kişi benim

Ali Arslan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunç, M. A., Yörük, M. A., & Arslan, A. (2020). The Effect of Lichen (Xanthoparmelia somloensis) Added in Broiler Rations on Performance Parameters and Organ Weights. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 4(2), 17-22.