Vitamin D and Effective Mechanisms in the Control of Body Weight

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 54 - 58, 15.12.2023

Burçak Tok Engin Şahin , Esen Taşğın

Abstract

Recently, hypovitaminosis D and obesity have reached large masses worldwide simultaneously. The number of studies linking two public health problems is increasing day by day. Vitamin D deficiency and related disorders are among the leading problems. A stronger perspective is that vitamin D deficiency causes obesity. Obesity is becoming a rapidly increasing health problem today. Particularly, studies have shown that obese individuals are at risk for Vitamin D deficiency and that increasing Body Mass Index leads to a decrease in Vitamin D levels. It is known that adipocyte tissue stores soluble vitamin D. Vitamin D affects the growth and differentiation of adipose tissue through different mechanisms. It could lead to many factors such aschanges in leptin-ghrelin levels, parathyroid hormone level, calcium level, vitamin D accumulation in adipose tissue to these mechanisms. Various studies have been conducted to understand the link between abdominal obesity and blood levels of vitamin D3. Waist circumference, which is an important indicator of fat accumulation in the abdominal area, is significantly affected by the level of vitamin D3. In addition, regular vitamin D intake also affects the release of Leptin and Ghrelin. This study aims to examine vitamin D and its effective mechanisms in body weight control, the roles of vitamin D on adipocyte cells, the relationship of hormones such as ghrelin and leptin with vitamin D and their relationship with fat oxidation.

Keywords

Obesity, Body Weight Changes, Adipose tissue, Vitamin D Deficiency

References

• [1]Greco EA, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S. Role of hypovitaminosis D in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nutrients11(7):1506.
• [2]WHO. Obesity and overweight(2015) [cited 2019 Aug 11]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-andoverweight. [3]Wood RJ. Vitamin D and adipogenesis: new molecular insights. Nutrition reviews(2008) 66(1):40–46.
• [4]Kerns JC, Arundel C, Chawla LS. Thiamin deficiency in people with obesity. Advances in nutrition(2015) 6(2):147–153.
• [5]Kant AK. Interaction of body mass index and attempt to lose weight in a national sample ofUS adults: association with reported food and nutrient intake, and biomarkers. European journal of clinical nutrition(2003) 57(2):249–259.
• [6]Cheng S. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes(2010) 59(1):242–248.
• [7]Arabi A, Rassi R, Fuleihan G-H. Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries—prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology(2010) 6(10):550–561.
• [8]Yetley EA. Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. The American journal of clinical nutrition(2008) 88(2):558–564.
• [9]D’Aurizio F, Villalta D, Metus P, Doretto P, Tozzoli R. Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases? Autoimmunity reviews(2015) 14(5):363–369.
• [10]FornariR. Lean mass in obese adult subjects correlates with higher levels of vitamin D, insulin sensitivity and lower inflammation. Journal of endocrinological investigation(2015) 38:367–372.
• [11]Liu S, Song Y, Ford ES, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Dietarycalcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women. Diabetes care(2005) 28(12):2926–2932.
• [12]Vimaleswaran KS. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS medicine(2013) 10(2):1001383.
• [13]Greene-Finestone LS, Garriguet D, Brooks S, Langlois K, Whiting SJ. Overweight and obesity are associated with lower vitamin D status in Canadian children and adolescents. Paediatrics & child health(2017) 22(8):438–444.
• [14]Rodríguez‐Rodríguez E, Navia B, López‐Sobaler AM, Ortega RM. Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables. Obesity(2009) 17(4):778–782.
• [15]Després JP. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology(2008) 28(6):1039–1049.
• [16]Hajhashemy Z, Shahdadian F, Ziaei R, Saneei P. Serum vitamin D levels in relation to abdominal obesity: a systematic review anddose–response meta‐analysis of epidemiologic studies. Obesity Reviews(2021) 22(2):13134.
• [17]McGill A-T, Stewart JM, Lithander FE, Strik CM, Poppitt SD. Relationships of low serum vitamin D3with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutrition journal(2008) 7(1):1–5.
• [18]Pathak K, Soares MJ, Calton EK, Zhao Y, Hallett J. Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews(2014) 15(6):528–537.
• [19]Lotito A, Teramoto M, Cheung M, Becker K, Sukumar D. Serum parathyroid hormone responses to vitamin D supplementation in overweight/obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrients(2017) 9(3):241.58International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews7(2) 54-58
• [20]Mallard SR, Howe AS, Houghton LA. Vitamin D status and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition(2016) 104(4):1151–1159.
• [21]Ishida Y, Taniguchi H, Baba S. Possible involvement of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamine D3 in proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications(1988) 151(3):1122–1127.
• [22]Pannu PK, Zhao Y, Soares MJ. Reductions in body weight and percent fat mass increase the vitamin D status of obese subjects: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Nutrition Research(2016) 36(3):201–213.
• [23]Sato M, Hiragun A. Demonstration of 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor‐like molecule in ST 13 and 3T3 L1 preadipocytes and its inhibitory effects on preadipocyte differentiation. Journal of cellular physiology(1988) 135(3):545–550.
• [24]Pereira-Santos M, F Costa PR, Assis A, S T Santos CA, Santos DB. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews(2015) 16(4):341–349.
• [25]Mosekilde L. Vitamin D and the elderly. Clinical endocrinology(2005) 62(3):265–281.
• [26]Clarke NM, Page JE. Vitamin D deficiency: a paediatric orthopaedic perspective. Current opinion in pediatrics(2012) 24(1):46–49.
• [27]Martini LA, Wood RJ. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition reviews(2006) 64(11):479–486.
• [28]Li J, Byrne ME, Chang E, Jiang Y, Donkin SS, Buhman KK, et al. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D hydroxylase in adipocytes. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology(2008) 112(1-3):122–126. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.09.006.
• [29]Zhuang H, Lin Y, Yang G. Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocyte in vitro. Chemico-biological interactions(2007) 170(2):114–123.
• [30]Crujeiras AB, Carreira MC, Cabia B, Andrade S, Amil M, Casanueva FF. Leptin resistance in obesity: an epigenetic landscape. Life sciences(2015) 140:57–63.
• [31]Abbas MA. Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology(2017) 165:369–381.
• [32]van Etten E, Mathieu C. Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology(2005) 97(1-2):93–101. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.002.
• [33]Ghavamzadeh S, Mobasseri M, Mahdavi R. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on adiposity, blood glycated hemoglobin, serum leptin and tumor necrosis factor-α in type 2 diabetic patients. International journal of preventive medicine(2014) 5(9):1091.
• [34]Menendez C. Retinoic acid and vitamin D3 powerfully inhibit in vitro leptin secretion by human adipose tissue. Journal of endocrinology(2001) 170(2):425–432.
• [35]Ulutas O, Taskapan H, Taskapan MC, Temel I. Vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance, serum adipokine, and leptin levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. International urology and nephrology(2013) 45:879–884.
• [36]van den Bout-van den Beukel CJP, van den Bos M, Oyen WJG, Hermus ARMM, Sweep FCGJ, Tack CJJ, et al. The effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D levels and insulin sensitivity is dose related in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1-infected patients. HIV medicine(2008) 9(9):771–779. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00630.x.
• [37]Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. The American journal of clinical nutrition(2000) 72(3):690–693.
• [38]Tschop M, Weyer C, TataranniPA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes(2001) 50(4):707–709.
• [39]St-Pierre DH. Association of acylated and nonacylated ghrelin with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism(2007) 92(1):264–269.
• [40]Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Nakamura T. Molecular Mechanism of Metabolic Syndrome X: Contribution of Adipocytokines• Adipocyte‐derived Bioactive Substances. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences(1999) 892(1):146–154.
• [41]Kong J, Li YC. Molecular mechanism of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism(2006) 290(5):916–924.
• [42]Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications. International journal of obesity(2012) 36(3):387–396.
• [43]Rayalam S, Della‐Fera MA, Ambati S, Yang JY, Park HJ, Baile CA. Enhanced effects of 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 plus genistein on adipogenesis and apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Obesity(2008) 16(3):539–546.
• [44]Mutt SJ, Hyppönen E, Saarnio J, Järvelin MR, Herzig KH. Vitamin D and adipose tissue—more than storage. Frontiers in physiology(2014) 5:228.
• [45]Parikh SJ. The relationship between obesity and serum 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism(2004) 89(3):1196–1199.
• [46]Querfeld U. Antagonistic effects of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone on lipoprotein lipase in cultured adipocytes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology(1999) 10(10):2158–2164.
• [47]Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. The FASEB Journal(2000) 14(9):1132–1138.
• [48]Mensink G. Mapping low intake of micronutrients across Europe. British journal of nutrition(2013) 110(4):755–773.
• [49]Tripkovic L. Comparison ofvitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition(2012) 95(6):1357–1364.
• [50]Belenchia AM, Tosh AK, Hillman LS, Peterson CA. Correcting vitamin D insufficiency improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition(2013) 97(4):774–781.
• [51]Macdonald HM. Contributions of sunlight and diet to vitamin D status. Calcified tissue international(2013) 92:163–176.
• [52]Lentjes M, Mulligan AA, Welch AA, Bhaniani A, Luben RN, Khaw KT. Contribution of cod liver oil‐related nutrients (vitamins A, D, E and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) to daily nutrient intake and their associations with plasma concentrations in the EPIC‐Norfolk cohort. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics(2015) 28(6):568–582.
• [53]Muscogiuri G. Vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art. Archives of toxicology(2017) 91:97–107.
• [54]Smutna M, Kruzikova K, Marsalek P, Kopriva V, Svobodova Z. Fish oil and cod liver as safe and healthy food supplements. Neuroendocrinology Letters(2009) 30(1):156.
• [55]Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab(2011) 96:1911–1930.
• [56]Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Valle H. Committee to review dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and calcium. Food and Nutrition Board(2011).
• [57]Giustina A. Consensus statement from 2 nd International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders(2020) 21:89–116