Araştırma Makalesi
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Mutlu Çocuklar Mutlu Yetişkinler mi Oluyor?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 69 - 95, 07.03.2021

Öz

Erken dönem yaşantıların önemini vurgulayan çok sayıda psikolojik kuram bulunmaktadır. Alanyazın incelendiğinde, olumsuz çocukluk deneyimlerinin yetişkinlikteki fiziksel ve psikolojik sonuçlarını inceleyen çalışmaların öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Az sayıda çalışma ise olumlu çocukluk yaşantılarının ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; olumlu çocukluk yaşantıları ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırmaya iki farklı çalışma grubundan toplam 695 kişi (488 kadın ve 207 erkek) katılmıştır. Çalışmada katılımcıların çocukluk dönemlerine ilişkin veriler, Olumlu Çocukluk Yaşantıları Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Mutluluk düzeyleri ise Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve tek maddelik mutluluk algısı sorusu kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre olumlu çocukluk yaşantıları, mutluluğu pozitif yönde anlamlı bir şekilde yordamaktadır. Buna göre olumlu çocukluk yaşantıları, mutluluğa ilişkin toplam varyansın %23’ünü, yaşam doyumuna ilişkin toplam varyansın ise %24’ünü açıklamaktadır. Katılımcıların olumlu çocukluk yaşantıları puanları arttıkça mutluluk ve yaşam doyumu puanları da artmaktadır. Katılımcıların mutluluk algılarına göre kendilerini oldukça mutlu olarak nitelendirenlerin olumlu çocukluk yaşantısı düzeylerinin, orta düzeyde mutluyum ve mutlu değilim diyenlere göre daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, alanyazın bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aas, M., Henry, C., Andreassen, O. A., Bellivier, F., Melle, I. ve Etain, B. (2016). The role of childhood trauma in bipolar disorders. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 4(2), 1-10.
  • Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Measuring happiness with a single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(2), 139-150.
  • Adler, A. (1976). Kindererziehung. Frankfurt am Main, Almanya: Fischer.
  • Bingöl, T. Y. (2018). Determining the predictors of self-efficacy and cyber bullying. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(2), 138-143.
  • Bretherton, I. (2013). The origins of attachment theory. In S. Goldberg ve R. Muir (Eds.), Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives (c. 45, ss. 45-85). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara.
  • Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., . . . Braithwaite, A. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
  • Cecil, C. A. M., Viding, E., Fearon, P., Glaser, D. ve McCrory, E. J. (2017). Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 106-119.
  • Cheng, H. ve Furnham, A. (2004). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self-criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(1), 1-21.
  • Chopik, W. J. ve Edelstein, R. S. (2019). Retrospective memories of parental care and health from mid- to late life. Health Psychology, 38(1), 84-93.
  • Coffey, J. K., Warren, M. T. ve Gottfried, A. W. (2015). Does infant happiness forecast adult life satisfaction? Examining subjective well-being in the first quarter century of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1401-1421.
  • Coles, J., Lee, A., Taft, A., Mazza, D. ve Loxton, D. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse and its association with adult physical and mental health: Results from a national cohort of young Australian women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(11), 1929-1944.
  • Cömert, I. T., Özyeşil, Z. A. ve Özgülük, B. S. (2016). Satisfaction with life, meaning in life, sad childhood experiences, and psychological symptoms among Turkish students. Psychological Reports, 118(1), 236- 250.
  • Creswell, J. W. ve Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4 bs.). Thomas Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Crittenden, P. M. (2017). Gifts from Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(3), 436-442.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. ve Hunter, J. (2014). Happiness in everyday life: The uses of experience sampling Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (ss. 89- 101). Claremount, CA: Springer.
  • Cunha, M., Fernandes, A. R., Couto, M., Galhardo, A. ve Espírito-Santo, H. (2014). The role of childhood positive memories, mindfulness and hope, in emotional states in adolescence. Paper presented at the 22nd European Congress of Psychiatry, Germany.
  • Cunha, M., Martinho, M. I., Xavier, A. ve Matos, M. (2012). Early memories of warmth and safeness: Its impact on attachment and psychopathology in adolescence. Paper presented at the Congress of the European Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Therapies, Geneva.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E. ve Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
  • Diener, E., ve Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84.
  • Doğan, T. ve Aydın, F. T. (2019). The Development of Positive Childhood Experiences Scale. Paper presented at the 2. Positive Psychology in Practice Conference. 24th-25th October 2019, Utrecht, Netherlands.
  • Doğan, T. ve Eryılmaz, A. (2014). The role of social intelligence in happiness. Croatian Journal of Education, 16(3), 863-878.
  • Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2012). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin üniversite öğrencilerinde incelenmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25(4), 297-304.
  • Durak, M., Şenol-Durak, E. ve Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction With Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Freud, A. (2018). Normality and pathology in childhood: Assessments of development. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Freud, S. (2005). Ein Kind wird geschlagen [A child is being beaten] Gesammelte Werke: Xii: Werke aus den Jahren 1917-1920 (ss. 197-226). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Imago Publishing
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A. ve Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 182-191.
  • Hall, H. R. ve Graff, J. C. (2011). The relationships among adaptive behaviors of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 34(1), 4-25.
  • Heady, B., Veenhoven, R. ve Wearing, A. (1991). Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24, 81-100.
  • Henning, G., Bjälkebring, P., Stenling, A., Thorvaldsson, V., Johansson, B. ve Lindwall, M. (2019). Changes in within-and between-person associations between basic psychological need satisfaction and well-being after retirement. journal of Research in Personality, 79, 151-160.
  • Hills, P. ve Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082.
  • Hinnen, C., Sanderman, R. ve Sprangers, M. A. G. (2009). Adult attachment as mediator between recollections of childhood and satisfaction with life. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16(1), 10-21.
  • Hughes, K., Lowey, H., Quigg, Z. ve Bellis, M. A. (2016). Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental well-being: Results from an English national household survey. BMC public health, 16(222), 1-11. Illien, J. (2020). IG Happiness for all. Erişim adresi: https://illienglobal.com/.
  • Kocayörük, E., Altıntas, E. ve İçbay, M. A. (2015). The perceived parental support, autonomous-self and well-being of adolescents: A cluster-analysis approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1819-1828.
  • Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of natural disasters on children. The Future of Children, 26(1), 73-92.
  • Kraynak, T. E., Marsland, A. L., Hanson, J. L. ve Gianaros, P. J. (2019). Retrospectively reported childhood physical abuse, systemic inflammation, and resting corticolimbic connectivity in midlife adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 82, 203-213.
  • López-Martínez, A. E., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., Ruiz-Párraga, G. T., Gómez-Pérez, L., Ramírez-Maestre, C. ve Esteve, R. (2018). Physical health consequences of interpersonal trauma: A systematic review of the role of psychological variables. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(3), 305-322.
  • Lykken, D. ve Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological science, 7(3), 186- 189.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M. ve Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of general psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
  • Marta-Simões, J., Ferreira, C. ve Mendes, A. L. (2018). Self-compassion: An adaptive link between early memories and women’s quality of life. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(7), 929-938.
  • Matos, M., Duarte, C. ve Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Constructing a self protected against shame: The importance of warmth and safeness memories and feelings on the association between shame memories and depression. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15(3), 317-335.
  • Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American psychologist, 55(1), 56–67.
  • Oliveira, S., Ferreira, C. ve Mendes, A. L. (2016). Early memories of warmth and safeness and eating psychopathology: The mediating role of social safeness and body appreciation. Psychologica, 59(2), 45-60.
  • Özgen, M. K. Ö. (1997). Farabi’de mutluluk ve ahlak ilişkisi. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Richards, M. ve Huppert, F. A. (2011). Do positive children become positive adults? Evidence from a longitudinal birth cohort study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 75-87.
  • Ryff, C. D. ve Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(4), 719–727.
  • Sapmaz, F., Doğan, T., Sapmaz, S., Temizel, S. ve Tel, F. D. (2012). Examining predictive role of psychological need satisfaction on happiness in terms of self-determination theory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, 861-868.
  • Shahar, T. B. (2007). Happier. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Steptoe, A. (2019). Happiness and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 1-21. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150
  • Sugaya, L., Hasin, D. S., Olfson, M., Lin, K. H., Grant, B. F. ve Blanco, C. (2012). Child physical abuse and adult mental health: A national study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 384-392.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6 bs.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tian, L., Chen, H. ve Huebner, E. S. (2014). The longitudinal relationships between basic psychological needs satisfaction at school and school-related subjective well-being in adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 353-372.
  • Vagos, P., Ribeiro da Silva, D., Brazão, N., Rijo, D. ve Gilbert, P. (2017). The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale for adolescents: Cross‐sample validation of the complete and brief Versions. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(3), 793-804.
  • Veenhoven, R. (2017). Measures of happiness: Which to choose? In G. Brulé ve F. Maggino (Eds.), Metrics of subjective well-Being: Limits and improvements (ss. 65-85). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. The Guilford Press: New York, NY.

Do Happy Children Become Happy Adults?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 69 - 95, 07.03.2021

Öz

Many psychological theories emphasize the significance of early childhood events. A review of the literature reveals that studies concentrate on the consequences of adverse childhood experiences on the physical and mental health of individuals. A few studies have so far examined the effects of positive childhood experiences on mental health. This research aims to investigate the relationship between positive childhood experiences and happiness. 695 adults (488 female and 207 male) participated in the study. Positive Childhood Experiences Scale served to gather the data regarding the childhood experiences, and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire is employed to measure the happiness of the participants. According to the results of this study, a positive correlation was found between positive childhood experiences and happiness. Positive childhood experiences explain 23% of happiness and 24% of life satisfaction. In parallel to positive childhood experiences points, the happiness and life satisfaction of the participants also increases. According to the happiness level of participants, those who inform to be very happy have higher levels of positive childhood experiences in comparison to those who feel a moderate level of happiness or declare to be unhappy. The results are discussed in the context of the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Aas, M., Henry, C., Andreassen, O. A., Bellivier, F., Melle, I. ve Etain, B. (2016). The role of childhood trauma in bipolar disorders. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 4(2), 1-10.
  • Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Measuring happiness with a single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(2), 139-150.
  • Adler, A. (1976). Kindererziehung. Frankfurt am Main, Almanya: Fischer.
  • Bingöl, T. Y. (2018). Determining the predictors of self-efficacy and cyber bullying. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(2), 138-143.
  • Bretherton, I. (2013). The origins of attachment theory. In S. Goldberg ve R. Muir (Eds.), Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives (c. 45, ss. 45-85). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara.
  • Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., . . . Braithwaite, A. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
  • Cecil, C. A. M., Viding, E., Fearon, P., Glaser, D. ve McCrory, E. J. (2017). Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 106-119.
  • Cheng, H. ve Furnham, A. (2004). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self-criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(1), 1-21.
  • Chopik, W. J. ve Edelstein, R. S. (2019). Retrospective memories of parental care and health from mid- to late life. Health Psychology, 38(1), 84-93.
  • Coffey, J. K., Warren, M. T. ve Gottfried, A. W. (2015). Does infant happiness forecast adult life satisfaction? Examining subjective well-being in the first quarter century of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1401-1421.
  • Coles, J., Lee, A., Taft, A., Mazza, D. ve Loxton, D. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse and its association with adult physical and mental health: Results from a national cohort of young Australian women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(11), 1929-1944.
  • Cömert, I. T., Özyeşil, Z. A. ve Özgülük, B. S. (2016). Satisfaction with life, meaning in life, sad childhood experiences, and psychological symptoms among Turkish students. Psychological Reports, 118(1), 236- 250.
  • Creswell, J. W. ve Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4 bs.). Thomas Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Crittenden, P. M. (2017). Gifts from Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(3), 436-442.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. ve Hunter, J. (2014). Happiness in everyday life: The uses of experience sampling Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (ss. 89- 101). Claremount, CA: Springer.
  • Cunha, M., Fernandes, A. R., Couto, M., Galhardo, A. ve Espírito-Santo, H. (2014). The role of childhood positive memories, mindfulness and hope, in emotional states in adolescence. Paper presented at the 22nd European Congress of Psychiatry, Germany.
  • Cunha, M., Martinho, M. I., Xavier, A. ve Matos, M. (2012). Early memories of warmth and safeness: Its impact on attachment and psychopathology in adolescence. Paper presented at the Congress of the European Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Therapies, Geneva.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E. ve Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
  • Diener, E., ve Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84.
  • Doğan, T. ve Aydın, F. T. (2019). The Development of Positive Childhood Experiences Scale. Paper presented at the 2. Positive Psychology in Practice Conference. 24th-25th October 2019, Utrecht, Netherlands.
  • Doğan, T. ve Eryılmaz, A. (2014). The role of social intelligence in happiness. Croatian Journal of Education, 16(3), 863-878.
  • Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2012). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin üniversite öğrencilerinde incelenmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25(4), 297-304.
  • Durak, M., Şenol-Durak, E. ve Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction With Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Freud, A. (2018). Normality and pathology in childhood: Assessments of development. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Freud, S. (2005). Ein Kind wird geschlagen [A child is being beaten] Gesammelte Werke: Xii: Werke aus den Jahren 1917-1920 (ss. 197-226). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Imago Publishing
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A. ve Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 182-191.
  • Hall, H. R. ve Graff, J. C. (2011). The relationships among adaptive behaviors of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 34(1), 4-25.
  • Heady, B., Veenhoven, R. ve Wearing, A. (1991). Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24, 81-100.
  • Henning, G., Bjälkebring, P., Stenling, A., Thorvaldsson, V., Johansson, B. ve Lindwall, M. (2019). Changes in within-and between-person associations between basic psychological need satisfaction and well-being after retirement. journal of Research in Personality, 79, 151-160.
  • Hills, P. ve Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082.
  • Hinnen, C., Sanderman, R. ve Sprangers, M. A. G. (2009). Adult attachment as mediator between recollections of childhood and satisfaction with life. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16(1), 10-21.
  • Hughes, K., Lowey, H., Quigg, Z. ve Bellis, M. A. (2016). Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental well-being: Results from an English national household survey. BMC public health, 16(222), 1-11. Illien, J. (2020). IG Happiness for all. Erişim adresi: https://illienglobal.com/.
  • Kocayörük, E., Altıntas, E. ve İçbay, M. A. (2015). The perceived parental support, autonomous-self and well-being of adolescents: A cluster-analysis approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1819-1828.
  • Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of natural disasters on children. The Future of Children, 26(1), 73-92.
  • Kraynak, T. E., Marsland, A. L., Hanson, J. L. ve Gianaros, P. J. (2019). Retrospectively reported childhood physical abuse, systemic inflammation, and resting corticolimbic connectivity in midlife adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 82, 203-213.
  • López-Martínez, A. E., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., Ruiz-Párraga, G. T., Gómez-Pérez, L., Ramírez-Maestre, C. ve Esteve, R. (2018). Physical health consequences of interpersonal trauma: A systematic review of the role of psychological variables. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(3), 305-322.
  • Lykken, D. ve Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological science, 7(3), 186- 189.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M. ve Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of general psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
  • Marta-Simões, J., Ferreira, C. ve Mendes, A. L. (2018). Self-compassion: An adaptive link between early memories and women’s quality of life. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(7), 929-938.
  • Matos, M., Duarte, C. ve Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Constructing a self protected against shame: The importance of warmth and safeness memories and feelings on the association between shame memories and depression. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15(3), 317-335.
  • Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American psychologist, 55(1), 56–67.
  • Oliveira, S., Ferreira, C. ve Mendes, A. L. (2016). Early memories of warmth and safeness and eating psychopathology: The mediating role of social safeness and body appreciation. Psychologica, 59(2), 45-60.
  • Özgen, M. K. Ö. (1997). Farabi’de mutluluk ve ahlak ilişkisi. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Richards, M. ve Huppert, F. A. (2011). Do positive children become positive adults? Evidence from a longitudinal birth cohort study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 75-87.
  • Ryff, C. D. ve Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(4), 719–727.
  • Sapmaz, F., Doğan, T., Sapmaz, S., Temizel, S. ve Tel, F. D. (2012). Examining predictive role of psychological need satisfaction on happiness in terms of self-determination theory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, 861-868.
  • Shahar, T. B. (2007). Happier. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Steptoe, A. (2019). Happiness and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 1-21. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150
  • Sugaya, L., Hasin, D. S., Olfson, M., Lin, K. H., Grant, B. F. ve Blanco, C. (2012). Child physical abuse and adult mental health: A national study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 384-392.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6 bs.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tian, L., Chen, H. ve Huebner, E. S. (2014). The longitudinal relationships between basic psychological needs satisfaction at school and school-related subjective well-being in adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 353-372.
  • Vagos, P., Ribeiro da Silva, D., Brazão, N., Rijo, D. ve Gilbert, P. (2017). The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale for adolescents: Cross‐sample validation of the complete and brief Versions. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(3), 793-804.
  • Veenhoven, R. (2017). Measures of happiness: Which to choose? In G. Brulé ve F. Maggino (Eds.), Metrics of subjective well-Being: Limits and improvements (ss. 65-85). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. The Guilford Press: New York, NY.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji, Eğitim Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tayfun Doğan

Fatma Tuba Aydın Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, T., & Aydın, F. T. (2021). Mutlu Çocuklar Mutlu Yetişkinler mi Oluyor?. İnsan Ve Toplum, 11(1), 69-95.