COVID-19 Aşılarına Karşı Olumsuz Tutumları Etkileyen Faktörler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 53 - 72, 28.03.2023

Veysel Bozkurt , Nuran Bayram Arlı , Mustafa Necmi İlhan , Emine Kübra Usta , Burkay Budak Mine Aydemir Dev

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, aşılara yönelik olumsuz tutumları (aşı kararsızlığı ve aşı karşıtlığı) etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. 4004 kişiden oluşan data çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Aşı kararsızlığı ve aşı karşıtlığı iki farklı kavram olmasına rağmen aralarında güçlü bir pozitif ilişki vardır. Çalışmada öncelikle aşı kararsızlığı ve aşı karşıtlığı ölçekleri için keşfedici faktör analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmıştır Daha sonra 10p, 50p ve 90p değerlerinde kantil regresyon modelleri bu iki değişken (aşı kararsızlığı ve aşı karşıtlığı) için ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Tahmin edilen regresyonlar sonucunda yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim, hane geliri, komplo teorilerine inanç, politik görüş, dini inanç, bilime, aşılara, bitkisel tedavilere, devlete, aşı firmalarına ve doktorlara güven değişkenleri anlamlı değişkenler olarak elde edilmiştir. Yoksul, işsiz, geçim sıkıntısı yaşayan sosyo-ekonomik bakımdan dezavantajlı gruplar arasında aşıya karşı olumsuz tutumlar görece daha fazladır. Aşılara yönelik olumsuz tutumları azaltmak için güvenilir bilimsel araştırmaların sonuçlarına göre toplumu bilgilendirmek, insanların zihinlerindeki şüpheleri azaltacak şeffaf politikalar izlemek ve etkin iletişim politikalarını sürdürmek önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşı kararsızlığı, aşı karşıtlığı, güven, komplo teorileri, siyaset ve din.

Factors Affecting Negative Attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccines

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the factors affecting negative attitudes (vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination) towards vaccines. Data of 4004 people were collected online. Although vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination attitudes are two different concepts, there is a strong positive relationship between them. In this study, explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are used for vaccine questions. Then, quantile regression models at 10p, 50p and 90p values were calculated separately for these two variables (vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination). As a result of the estimation, age, gender, education, household income, belief in conspiracy theories, political views, religious involvement are significant predictors. In addition, trust in science, doctors, the government, vaccine companies, COVID-19 vaccines and herbal treatments are other predictive variables. Negative attitudes towards vaccines are relatively higher among the poor, unemployed and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. To reduce negative attitudes towards vaccines, it is important to inform society based on the results of reliable scientific research, to follow transparent policies that will reduce the doubts in people’s minds, and to maintain effective communication policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaccine hesitancy, anti-vaccination, trust, conspiracy theories, politics and religion.

Kaynakça

• Aloweidi, A., Bsisu, I., Suleiman, A., Abu-Halaweh, S., Almustafa, M., Aqel, M. et al. (2021). Hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines: An analytical cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (10). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105111.
• Berman, J. M. (2020). Anti-vaxxers. How to challenge a misinformed movement. The MIT Press.
• Bono, S. A., Faria de Moura Villela, E., Siau, C. S, Chen, W. S., Pengpid, S., Hasan, M. T. et al. (2021). Factors affecting Covid-19 vaccine acceptance: An international survey among low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines, 9 (5). DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050515.
• Burki, Talha (2020). The online anti-vaccine movement in the age of COVID-19. The Lancet Digital Health, 2 (10), e504 –e505. DOI: 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30227-2.
• Cascini, F., Pantovic, A., Al-Ajlouni, Y., Failla, G., & Ricciardi, W. (2021). Attitudes, acceptance and hesitancy among the general population worldwide to receive the COVID-19 vaccines and their contributing factors: A systematic review. EClinical Medicine, 40, 101 –113. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101113.
• Cremer, T. (2021). A religious vaccination? How Christian communities react to right-wing populism in Germany, France and the US. Gov. & Oppos., 1–21. DOI: 10.1017/gov.2021.18.
• Doustmohammadi, S., & Cherry, J. D. (2020). The sociology of the antivaccine movement. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 4 (2), 241–245. DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20190198.
• Dredze, M., Broniatowski, D. A., Smith, M. C., & Hilyard, K. M. (2016). Understanding vaccine refusal: Why we need social media now. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50 (4), pp. 550–552. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.002.
• Dubé, E., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P., Roy, R., & Bettinger, J. (2013). Vaccine hesitancy: an overview. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 9 (8), 1763–1773. DOI: 10.4161/hv.24657.
• Eguia, H., Vinciarelli, F., Bosque-Prous, M., Kristensen, T., & Saigí-Rubió, F. (2021). Spain's hesitation at the gates of a COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines, 9 (2). DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020170.
• Engin, C., & Vezzoni, C. (2020). Who's Skeptical of Vaccines? Prevalence and determinants of anti-vaccination attitudes in Italy. Population Review, 59 (2). DOI: 10.1353/prv.2020.0007.
• Flanagan, K. L., Fink, A. L., Plebanski, M., & Klein, S. L. (2017) Sex and gender differences in the outcomes of vaccination over the life course. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 33, 577–599. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718.
• Funk, C., & Tyson, A. (2021). Growing share of Americans say they plan to get a COVID-19 vaccine – or already have. Pew Research Center Science & Society, 5/3/2021. Available online at https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/03/05/growing-share-of-americans-say-they-plan-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-or-already-have/, checked on 11/15/2021.
• Germani, F., & Biller-Andorno, N. (2021). The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis. PloS One, 16 (3), e0247642. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247642.
• Humer, E., Jesser, A., Plener, P. L., Probst, T. & Pieh, C. (2021). Education level and COVID-19 vaccination willingness in adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01878-4.
• Johnson, N. F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N. J., Leahy, R., Gabriel, N., El Oud, S. et al. (2020). The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views. Nature, 582 (7811), 230–233. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1.
• Kennedy, J. (2019). Populist politics and vaccine hesitancy in Western Europe: an analysis of national-level data. European Journal of Public Health 29 (3), 512–516. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz004.
• Keyes, R. (2004). The post-truth era. Dishonesty and deception in contemporary life. St. Martin's Press.
• Kricorian, K., Civen, R., & Equils, O. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: misinformation and perceptions of vaccine safety. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 1–8. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1950504.
• Lane, S., MacDonald, N. E., Marti, M., & Dumolard, L. (2018). Vaccine hesitancy around the globe: Analysis of three years of WHO/UNICEF joint reporting form data-2015-2017. Vaccine, 36 (26), 3861–3867. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063.
• Lazarus, J. V., Wyka, K., Rauh, L., Rabin, K., Ratzan, S., Gostin, L. O. et al. (2020). Hesitant or not? The association of age, gender, and education with potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: A country-level analysis. Journal of Health Communication, 25 (10), 799–807. DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1868630.
• Liu, R., & Li, G. M. (2021). Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus: Temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. SSM - Population Health, 15. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100896.
• MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33 (34), 4161–4164. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036.
• Martin, L. R., & Petrie., K. J. (2017). Understanding the dimensions of anti-vaccination attitudes: The vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Annals of Behavioral Medicine :A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 51 (5), 652–660. DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9888-y.
• Matos, C. C. de S. A., Gonçalves, B. A., & Couto, M. T. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the global south: Towards a critical perspective on global health. Global Public Health, 1–12. DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1912138.
• McKee, C., & Bohannon, K. (2016). Exploring the reasons behind parental refusal of vaccines. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT : The Official Journal of PPAG, 21(2), 104–109. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.2.104.
• Mesch, G. S., & Schwirian, K. P. (2015). Social and political determinants of vaccine hesitancy: Lessons learned from the H1N1 pandemic of 2009-2010. American Journal of Infection Control, 43 (11), 1161–1165. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.031.
• Neff, T., Kaiser, J., Pasquetto, I., Jemielniak, D., Dimitrakopoulou, D., Grayson, S. et al. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in online spaces: A scoping review of the research literature, 2000-2020. HKS Misinfo Review. DOI: 10.37016/mr-2020-82.
• Nhamo, G., & Sibanda, M. (2021). Forty days of regulatory emergency use authorisation of COVID-19 vaccines: Interfacing efficacy, hesitancy and SDG target 3.8. In Global Public Health 16 (10), 1537–1558. DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1938170.
• Özceylan, G., Toprak, D., & Esen, E. S. (2020). Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 16 (5), pp. 1034–1039. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1717182.
• Paterson, P., Chantler, T., & Larson, H. J. (2018). Reasons for non-vaccination: Parental vaccine hesitancy and the childhood influenza vaccination school pilot programme in England. Vaccine, 36 (36), 5397–5401. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.016.
• Paul, E., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2021). Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications. In The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 1, 100012. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012.
• Perveen, S., Akram, M., Nasar, A., Arshad-Ayaz, A., & Naseem, A. (2021). Vaccination-hesitancy and vaccination-inequality as challenges in Pakistan's COVID-19 response. Journal of Community Psychology. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22652.
• Petravić, L., Arh, R., Gabrovec, T., Jazbec, L., Rupčić, N., Starešinič, N. et al. (2021): Factors affecting attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccination: An online survey in Slovenia. Vaccines, 9 (3). DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030247.
• Pew Research Center (2021). “Growing share of americans say they plan to get a COVID-19 vaccine – or already have”, March 2021. Available online at https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/03/05/growing-share-of-americans-say-they-plan-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-or-already-have/, checked on 11/15/2021.
• Robertson, E., Reeve, K. S., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Moore, J., Blake, M., Green, M. et al. (2021). Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study. Brain Behav. Immun., 94, 41-40
• Roccato, M., & Russo, S. (2021). A new look on politicized reticence to vaccination: populism and COVID-19 vaccine refusal. Psychol. Med., 1–2. DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004736.
• Rozek, L. S., Jones, P., Menon, A., Hicken, A., Apsley, S, & King, E. J. (2021). Understanding vaccine hesitancy in the context of COVID-19: The role of trust and confidence in a seventeen-country survey. International Journal of Public Health, 66.DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.636255.
• Ruijs, W. L. M., Hautvast, J. L. A., van Ijzendoorn, G.; van Ansem, W. J. C., van der Velden, K., & Hulscher, M. E. J. L. (2012). How orthodox protestant parents decide on the vaccination of their children: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 12, 408. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-408.
• Sayın, Ö., & Bozkurt, V. (2021). Sociology of coronavirus conspiracies in Turkey: Who believes and why? In Veysel Bozkurt, Glenn Dawes, Hakan Gülerce, Patricia Westenbroek (Eds.): The societal impacts of Covid-19: A transnational perspective: Istanbul University Press, 79–91.
• Shallal, A., Abada, E., Musallam, R., Fehmi, O., Kaljee, L., Fehmi, Z. et al. (2021). Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among Arab American healthcare professionals living in the United States. Vaccines, 9 (9). DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090942.
• Standing, G. (2014). The precariat. The new dangerous class. Revised edition. (ProQuest Ebook Central). Available online at https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=6160267.
• Stecula, D. A., & Pickup, M. (2021). How populism and conservative media fuel conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and what it means for COVID-19 behaviors. Research & Politics, 8 (1), 205316802199397. DOI: 10.1177/2053168021993979.
• Stiglitz, J. E. (2013). The price of inequality. W.W. Norton & Company.
• Streefland, P. H. (2001). Public doubts about vaccination safety and resistance against vaccination. Health Policy, 55 (3), 159–172. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8510(00)00132-9.
• Tan, X.P., & Wang, X.Y. (2017). Dependence changes between the carbon price and its fundamentals: A quantile regression approach. Applied Energy, 190, 306–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.116.
• Truong, J., Bakshi, S., Wasim, A., Ahmad, M., & Majid, U. (2021). What factors promote vaccine hesitancy or acceptance during pandemics? A systematic review and thematic analysis. Health Promotion International. DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab105.
• van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M. et al. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4 (5), 460–471. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z.
• Vignier, N., Brureau, K., Granier, S., Breton, J., Michaud, C., Gaillet, M. et al. (2021). Attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to get vaccinated among healthcare workers in French Guiana: The influence of geographical origin. Vaccines, 9 (6). DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060682.
• Wiysonge, C. S., Ndwandwe, D., Ryan, J., Jaca, A., Batouré, O., Anya, B. P. M., & Cooper, S. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19: could lessons from the past help in divining the future? Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1893062.
• Żuk, P., & Żuk, P. (2020). Right-wing populism in Poland and anti-vaccine myths on YouTube: Political and cultural threats to public health. Global Public Health, 15 (6), 790–804. DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1718733.