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Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 286 - 309, 27.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.539230

Öz

Booking.com ve Uber firmaları vaka analizlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile, bu firmaların

faaliyet gösterdikleri piyasaların yapısını değiştirmesi, çıkar ilişkilerini tetiklemesi ve yeni müdahale

alanları yaratması irdelenirken bu alanlarda ortaya çıkan temsiliyet sorunları incelenmektedir.

Booking.com ve Uber’in bu çalışma dahilinde vaka örnekleri olarak seçilmesinin sebepleri arasında

iki firmanın da Türkiye’de yasal takipte olması; geleneksel piyasaya karşı yenilikçi uygulamalara sahip

olmaları; dünyada da bu firmalar ile ilgili farklı yasaklama ve yasal düzenleme getirilmiş olması yer

almaktadır. Literatürde, dijital platformların yasal değişimleri nasıl kışkırttığına ilişkin olarak dört

yöntem kategorize edilmektedir. Bu yöntemler şu şekildedir: (1) Yasayı ihlal etmek ya da yasalardan

kaynaklanan gri alanlardan istifade etmek; (2) Piyasada yasaklanamayacak kadar bir büyüme sağlamak;

(3) Tüketicileri ve diğer paydaşları siyasi güç için harekete geçirmek; (4) Daha ziyade geleneksel siyasi

teknikler uygulamak. Söz konusu bu çalışma temsiliyet sorununun formal olan ve formal olmayan ile

siyasi ve politik ikilemlerinin ötesinde dijital platform firmalarının nasıl muğlak, çetrefilli ve belirsiz

yeni siyaset alanlarını oluşturduğu ve yine bu alanlardaki müdahale süreçlerinde nasıl daha çetrefilli

temsiliyet problemleri yarattığını incelemektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, sözü geçen siyaset alanları

içerisindeki aktörlerin koşullara bağlı yaklaşım ve etkileşimlerini temsiliyet sorunu çerçevesinde

irdelerken, bu hizmetlerden mahrum kalan gruplar açısından temsiliyet boşlukları olduğunu ortaya

çıkarmaktadır. Meslek birliklerinin, yenilikçi teknoloji ve yeni ekonomi piyasası temsiliyetinde

boşluklar yaratacak şekilde çıkar faaliyetlerine girerek temsiliyet boşlukları yarattığı görülmektedir.

Bu temsiliyet boşluğu aynı sektördeki STK’lar arasında da çatışma alanları yaratmaktadır. Bu analiz

ışığında, temsiliyet sorunu 6 faktör açısından söz konusu vaka analizleri üzerinden sonuçlandırılabilir.

Bu faktörler şu şekildedir: (1) Kurumsal tercihler, (2) Kimin katıldığı, (3) Kimin dışlandığı, (4) Nasıl

katılım sağlandığı, (5) Katılımın gerekçeleri, (6) Sonuç üzerindeki etki. Buna göre, çalışma şu sonuçları ortaya çıkarmıştır: (1) Türkiye’de dijital platform firmaları özelinde onların da haklarını koruyucu

bir regülasyon olmaması; (2) Yeni teknolojilerin tetiklediği regülasyonların farklı müdahale alanları

ve ilişki formları yaratması; (3) Seçimle gelen tepeden-aşağıya temsiliyet ile betimsel ve sembolik

temsiliyet arasında yeni iletişim, yönetişim ve etkileşim alanlarının geliştirilmesi gereği. Bu çalışma

vaka analizi metodunu benimserken kalitatif görüşmeler, telefon mülakatları ve katılımcı gözlemler ile

doküman analizlerine dayanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ankersmit, F. R. (2002). Political representation. Stanford University Press: Chicago Aslan, Mehmet, G. Kaya (2004). “1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Siyasal Katılımda Sivil Toplum Kuruluları”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, C. 5, S. 1, s. 213-223. Avritzer, L. (2008). Civil society, participatory institutions, and representation: From authorization to the legitimacy of action. Dados, 4(SE), 0-0. Barnes, S. J., Mattsson, J. (2016). Understanding current and future issues in collaborative consumption: A four-stage Delphi study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 200-211. Belk, R. (2014). You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1595-1600. Bloomberg. (2018). UBER ve taksiler arasındaki gerilim sürüyor. http://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/ haber/2103003-uber-ve-taksiler-arasindaki-gerilim-suruyor. Botsman, R., Rogers, R. (2010). What’s mine is yours. The rise of collaborative consumption. Cannon, S., Summers, L. H. (2014). How Uber and the sharing economy can win over regulators. Harvard business review, 13(10), 24-28. Chaudhry, A., Garner, P. (2007). Do governments suppress growth? Institutions, rent‐seeking, and innovation blocking in a model of Schumpeterian growth. Economics & Politics, 19(1), 35-52. Cock, J. (1989). Keeping the fires burning: Militarisation and the politics of gender in South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 16(45-46), 50-64. Cramer, J., Krueger, A. B. (2016). Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber. American Economic Review, 106(5), 177-82. Dahlstedt, M. (2008). Now you see it, now you don’t: reconsidering the problem of representation. Policy Studies, 29(2), 233-248. Dovi, S. (2006). Political representation. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://stanford.library. sydney.edu.au/entries/political-representation/. Nisan 01, 2018. ECJ.(2017).http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf ?text=&docid=199626&pageIndex =0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=367386. Evans, D. S., Schmalensee, R. (2016). Matchmakers: The new economics of multisided platforms. Harvard Business Review Press. Finck, M., Ranchordás, S. (2016). Sharing and the City. Vand. J. Transnat’l L., 49, 1299. Frenken, K., Schor, J. (2017). Putting the sharing economy into perspective. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 3-10. Fuentes-Bracamontes, R. (2016). Is unbundling electricity services the way forward for the power sector?. The Electricity Journal, 29(9), 16-20. Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public administration review, 66(s1), 66- 75. Godelnik, R. (2017). Millennials and the sharing economy: Lessons from a ‘buy nothing new, share everything month’project. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 40-52. Görün, M. (2006). “Yerel Demokrasi Ve Katılım: İzmir, Konya ve Ağrı İl Genel Meclis Üyeleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 159-184. Grant, R. W., Keohane, R. O. (2005). Accountability and abuses of power in world politics. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 29-43. Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. Held, D., KoenigArchibugi, M. (2005). Global Governance and Public Accountability. Blackwell: London. Hennart, J. F. (2010). Transaction cost theory and international business. Journal of Retailing, 86(3), 257- 269. Huber, A. (2017). Theorising the dynamics of collaborative consumption practices: A comparison of peerto- peer accommodation and cohousing. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 53-69. Kandiyoti, D. (1991). Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation. Millennium, 20(3), 429-443. Kaypak, Ş. (2013). “Kent Konseyleri ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluları İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 183-199. Kenney, M., Zysman, J. (2015, June). Choosing a future in the platform economy: the implications and consequences of digital platforms. In Kauffman Foundation New Entrepreneurial Growth Conference (Vol. 156160). Kung, Ling-Chieh, G.Y. Zhong. (2017). “The optimal pricing strategy for two-sided platform delivery in the sharing economy.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 101, 1-12. Lijphart, A. (2002). Negotiation democracy versus consensus democracy: Parallel conclusions and recommendations. European Journal of Political Research, 41(1), 107-113. Lucio, M. M. (2010). Dimensions of internationalism and the politics of the labour movement: Understanding the political and organisational aspects of labour networking and co-ordination. Employee Relations, 32(6), 538-556. Mbeche, R. (2017). Climbing the ladder of participation: symbolic or substantive representation in preparing Uganda for REDD+?. Conservation and Society, 15(4), 426-438. McKee, D. (2017). Neoliberalism and the legality of peer platform markets. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 105-113. Mitchell, M. D. (2012). The pathology of privilege: The economic consequences of government favoritism. Molz, J. G. (2013). Social networking technologies and the moral economy of alternative tourism: The case of couchsurfing. org. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 210-230. Motala, M. (2016). The” Taxi Cab Problem” Revisited: Law and Ubernomics in the Sharing Economy. Banking & Finance Law Review, 31(3), 467. Mouffe, C., Moreno, H. (1993). Feminismo, ciudadanía y política democrática radical. Debate feminista, 7, 3-22. Palabıyık, H., Görün, M. (2004). Belediye Meclislerinde Temsil ve Katılım: Çanakkale Belediye Meclisi Örneği. Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 257-272. Parker, G. G., Van Alstyne, M. W., Choudary, S. P. (2016). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economyand How to Make Them Work for You. WW Norton & Company. Petropoulos, G. (2016). Uber and the economic impact of sharing economy platforms. Breugel. org) http:// bruegel. org/2016/02/uber-and-the-economic-impact-ofsharing-economy-platforms/, checked on, 2(29), 2016. Pitkin, H. (1964). Hobbes’s Concept of Representation—II. American Political Science Review, 58(4), 902- 918. Pollman, E., Barry, J. M. (2016). Regulatory Entrepreneurship. S. Cal. L. Rev., 90, 383. Powell Jr, G. B. (2004). Political representation in comparative politics. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., 7, 273-296. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. On the horizon, 9(5), 1-6. Redner, H. (1994). A New Science of Representation: Towards an Integrated Theory of Representation in Science, Politics, and Art. Westview Press: Boulder. Richardson, Lizzie. “Performing the sharing economy.” Geoforum 67 (2015): 121-129. Rodrik, D. (2014). When ideas trump interests: Preferences, worldviews, and policy innovations. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 189-208. Schneider, H. (2017). Uber: Innovation in Society. Springer. Schor, J.B., Fitzmaurice, C.J., 2015. Collaborating and connecting: the emergence of the sharing economy. In: Reisch, L.A., Thøgersen, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Consumption. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, s. 410–425. Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak?. Can the subaltern speak? Reflections on the history of an idea, 21-78. Strolovitch, D. Z. (2008). Affirmative advocacy: Race, class, and gender in interest group politics. University of Chicago Press. Tapscott, D. (1996). The digital economy: Promise and peril in the age of networked intelligence (Vol. 1). New York: McGraw-Hill. Tekin Bilbil, E. (2018a, Inprint). New Governance and Digital Platform Companies: The Case of Uber. Tekin Bilbil, E. (2018b, Inprint). Platform Coopetition in the Tourism Industry: The Case of Booking. com’s Closure in Turkey. Urbinati, N., & Warren, M. E. (2008). The concept of representation in contemporary democratic theory. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., 11, 387-412. Üste, R. B. (2005). Yerel yönetimlerde demokratikleşme. Türk İdare Dergisi, 448, 49-60. Warren, M. E. (2009). Governance-driven democratization. Critical policy studies, 3(1), 3-13. Wilhelms, M. P., Henkel, S., Falk, T. (2017). To earn is not enough: A means-end analysis to uncover peerproviders’ participation motives in peer-to-peer carsharing. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 38-47. YAVAŞ, H., DEMİR, K. A. (2014). KENT YÖNETİMLERİNDE SİYASAL KATILIM VE TEMSİLİYET SORUNU: BELEDİYE MECLİSLERİNİN ETKİLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE KURAMSAL BİR TARTIŞMA. Journal of International Social Research, 7(34). Yetim, S. (2015). UBER, HUKUKİ SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 6. Young, A. M., Hinesly, M. D. (2012). Identifying Millennials’ key influencers from early childhood: insights into current consumer preferences. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(2), 146-155.

Platform Technologies and Representatin Problem: Uber and Booking.com Cases

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 286 - 309, 27.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.539230

Öz

By examining the company cases of Booking.com and Uber, this study focuses on the representational

gaps in new areas of politics, which are created by the new economy. By analyzing the problems of

representation in these new areas, this study focuses on how these firms have changed the market

structure, triggered the interest relations and created new areas of intervention. The reasons of the

selection of Uber and Booking.com as case examples include that: both have engaged with legal

proceedings in Turkey; they have innovative practices as a challenge to the traditional market; there

are different prohibitions and regulations about these firms around the world. While digital platform

firms are defined as ‘regulatory entrepreneurs’, there are three categories of how these digital platforms

provoke legal changes: (1) Violating the law or taking advantage of the gray areas of law; (2) Ensuring

a significant growth in the market so that they cannot be prohibited; (3) Mobilizing consumers and

other stakeholders for political power; (4) More traditional political techniques to apply. Therefore,

beyond the formal-non-formal and politics-political dilemmas of the representation problem, this

study analyzes how digital platform firms create ambiguous, contradictory, and uncertain areas of

politics. Moreover, this study examines how these firms constitute again more contradictory problems

of representation during the intervention processes. As such, by probing the conditional approaches

and interactions of the actors, this study also indirectly reveals the gaps in the representation of those

who are in favor of these services as well as firms that provide these services. Therefore, this study

presents that professional associations have created the representational gaps by engaging interestbased

activities that seem to result in creating the gaps in the representation of innovative technologies

and markets of the new economy. Moreover, this gap in representation creates the areas of conflict

even among NGOs within the same sector. In light of this insight, the case analysis results with 6

factors to analyze the problem of representation. These factors are as follows: (1) Institutional choices,

(2) Who participated, (3) Who is excluded, (4) How is participated, (5) Reasons for participation, (6)

Impact on the outcome. Therefore, the outcomes of this study might be summarized as follows: (1)

There is a lack of regulation on protecting the rights of digital platform firms and their services in

Turkey; (2) Regulations triggered by new technologies create different intervention areas and forms of

relationships; (3) There is a need for the development of the new areas of communication, governance

and interaction between election-based top-down representation, on the one hand; and descriptive and

symbolic representation, on the other hand. By adopting the case analysis method, this study is based

on qualitative interviews, telephone interviews, participant observations and document analyses.

Kaynakça

  • Ankersmit, F. R. (2002). Political representation. Stanford University Press: Chicago Aslan, Mehmet, G. Kaya (2004). “1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Siyasal Katılımda Sivil Toplum Kuruluları”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, C. 5, S. 1, s. 213-223. Avritzer, L. (2008). Civil society, participatory institutions, and representation: From authorization to the legitimacy of action. Dados, 4(SE), 0-0. Barnes, S. J., Mattsson, J. (2016). Understanding current and future issues in collaborative consumption: A four-stage Delphi study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 200-211. Belk, R. (2014). You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1595-1600. Bloomberg. (2018). UBER ve taksiler arasındaki gerilim sürüyor. http://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/ haber/2103003-uber-ve-taksiler-arasindaki-gerilim-suruyor. Botsman, R., Rogers, R. (2010). What’s mine is yours. The rise of collaborative consumption. Cannon, S., Summers, L. H. (2014). How Uber and the sharing economy can win over regulators. Harvard business review, 13(10), 24-28. Chaudhry, A., Garner, P. (2007). Do governments suppress growth? Institutions, rent‐seeking, and innovation blocking in a model of Schumpeterian growth. Economics & Politics, 19(1), 35-52. Cock, J. (1989). Keeping the fires burning: Militarisation and the politics of gender in South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 16(45-46), 50-64. Cramer, J., Krueger, A. B. (2016). Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber. American Economic Review, 106(5), 177-82. Dahlstedt, M. (2008). Now you see it, now you don’t: reconsidering the problem of representation. Policy Studies, 29(2), 233-248. Dovi, S. (2006). Political representation. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://stanford.library. sydney.edu.au/entries/political-representation/. Nisan 01, 2018. ECJ.(2017).http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf ?text=&docid=199626&pageIndex =0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=367386. Evans, D. S., Schmalensee, R. (2016). Matchmakers: The new economics of multisided platforms. Harvard Business Review Press. Finck, M., Ranchordás, S. (2016). Sharing and the City. Vand. J. Transnat’l L., 49, 1299. Frenken, K., Schor, J. (2017). Putting the sharing economy into perspective. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 3-10. Fuentes-Bracamontes, R. (2016). Is unbundling electricity services the way forward for the power sector?. The Electricity Journal, 29(9), 16-20. Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public administration review, 66(s1), 66- 75. Godelnik, R. (2017). Millennials and the sharing economy: Lessons from a ‘buy nothing new, share everything month’project. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 40-52. Görün, M. (2006). “Yerel Demokrasi Ve Katılım: İzmir, Konya ve Ağrı İl Genel Meclis Üyeleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 159-184. Grant, R. W., Keohane, R. O. (2005). Accountability and abuses of power in world politics. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 29-43. Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. Held, D., KoenigArchibugi, M. (2005). Global Governance and Public Accountability. Blackwell: London. Hennart, J. F. (2010). Transaction cost theory and international business. Journal of Retailing, 86(3), 257- 269. Huber, A. (2017). Theorising the dynamics of collaborative consumption practices: A comparison of peerto- peer accommodation and cohousing. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 53-69. Kandiyoti, D. (1991). Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation. Millennium, 20(3), 429-443. Kaypak, Ş. (2013). “Kent Konseyleri ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluları İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 183-199. Kenney, M., Zysman, J. (2015, June). Choosing a future in the platform economy: the implications and consequences of digital platforms. In Kauffman Foundation New Entrepreneurial Growth Conference (Vol. 156160). Kung, Ling-Chieh, G.Y. Zhong. (2017). “The optimal pricing strategy for two-sided platform delivery in the sharing economy.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 101, 1-12. Lijphart, A. (2002). Negotiation democracy versus consensus democracy: Parallel conclusions and recommendations. European Journal of Political Research, 41(1), 107-113. Lucio, M. M. (2010). Dimensions of internationalism and the politics of the labour movement: Understanding the political and organisational aspects of labour networking and co-ordination. Employee Relations, 32(6), 538-556. Mbeche, R. (2017). Climbing the ladder of participation: symbolic or substantive representation in preparing Uganda for REDD+?. Conservation and Society, 15(4), 426-438. McKee, D. (2017). Neoliberalism and the legality of peer platform markets. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 105-113. Mitchell, M. D. (2012). The pathology of privilege: The economic consequences of government favoritism. Molz, J. G. (2013). Social networking technologies and the moral economy of alternative tourism: The case of couchsurfing. org. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 210-230. Motala, M. (2016). The” Taxi Cab Problem” Revisited: Law and Ubernomics in the Sharing Economy. Banking & Finance Law Review, 31(3), 467. Mouffe, C., Moreno, H. (1993). Feminismo, ciudadanía y política democrática radical. Debate feminista, 7, 3-22. Palabıyık, H., Görün, M. (2004). Belediye Meclislerinde Temsil ve Katılım: Çanakkale Belediye Meclisi Örneği. Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 257-272. Parker, G. G., Van Alstyne, M. W., Choudary, S. P. (2016). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economyand How to Make Them Work for You. WW Norton & Company. Petropoulos, G. (2016). Uber and the economic impact of sharing economy platforms. Breugel. org) http:// bruegel. org/2016/02/uber-and-the-economic-impact-ofsharing-economy-platforms/, checked on, 2(29), 2016. Pitkin, H. (1964). Hobbes’s Concept of Representation—II. American Political Science Review, 58(4), 902- 918. Pollman, E., Barry, J. M. (2016). Regulatory Entrepreneurship. S. Cal. L. Rev., 90, 383. Powell Jr, G. B. (2004). Political representation in comparative politics. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., 7, 273-296. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. On the horizon, 9(5), 1-6. Redner, H. (1994). A New Science of Representation: Towards an Integrated Theory of Representation in Science, Politics, and Art. Westview Press: Boulder. Richardson, Lizzie. “Performing the sharing economy.” Geoforum 67 (2015): 121-129. Rodrik, D. (2014). When ideas trump interests: Preferences, worldviews, and policy innovations. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 189-208. Schneider, H. (2017). Uber: Innovation in Society. Springer. Schor, J.B., Fitzmaurice, C.J., 2015. Collaborating and connecting: the emergence of the sharing economy. In: Reisch, L.A., Thøgersen, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Consumption. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, s. 410–425. Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak?. Can the subaltern speak? Reflections on the history of an idea, 21-78. Strolovitch, D. Z. (2008). Affirmative advocacy: Race, class, and gender in interest group politics. University of Chicago Press. Tapscott, D. (1996). The digital economy: Promise and peril in the age of networked intelligence (Vol. 1). New York: McGraw-Hill. Tekin Bilbil, E. (2018a, Inprint). New Governance and Digital Platform Companies: The Case of Uber. Tekin Bilbil, E. (2018b, Inprint). Platform Coopetition in the Tourism Industry: The Case of Booking. com’s Closure in Turkey. Urbinati, N., & Warren, M. E. (2008). The concept of representation in contemporary democratic theory. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., 11, 387-412. Üste, R. B. (2005). Yerel yönetimlerde demokratikleşme. Türk İdare Dergisi, 448, 49-60. Warren, M. E. (2009). Governance-driven democratization. Critical policy studies, 3(1), 3-13. Wilhelms, M. P., Henkel, S., Falk, T. (2017). To earn is not enough: A means-end analysis to uncover peerproviders’ participation motives in peer-to-peer carsharing. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 38-47. YAVAŞ, H., DEMİR, K. A. (2014). KENT YÖNETİMLERİNDE SİYASAL KATILIM VE TEMSİLİYET SORUNU: BELEDİYE MECLİSLERİNİN ETKİLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE KURAMSAL BİR TARTIŞMA. Journal of International Social Research, 7(34). Yetim, S. (2015). UBER, HUKUKİ SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 6. Young, A. M., Hinesly, M. D. (2012). Identifying Millennials’ key influencers from early childhood: insights into current consumer preferences. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(2), 146-155.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm International Journal of Political Science & Urban Studies
Yazarlar

Ebru Tekin Bilbil

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin Bilbil, E. (2019). Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları. International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies, 7(1), 286-309. https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.539230
AMA Tekin Bilbil E. Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları. IPSUS. Mart 2019;7(1):286-309. doi:10.14782/ipsus.539230
Chicago Tekin Bilbil, Ebru. “Platform Teknolojileri Ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber Ve Booking.Com Vakaları”. International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies 7, sy. 1 (Mart 2019): 286-309. https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.539230.
EndNote Tekin Bilbil E (01 Mart 2019) Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları. International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies 7 1 286–309.
IEEE E. Tekin Bilbil, “Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları”, IPSUS, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 286–309, 2019, doi: 10.14782/ipsus.539230.
ISNAD Tekin Bilbil, Ebru. “Platform Teknolojileri Ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber Ve Booking.Com Vakaları”. International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies 7/1 (Mart 2019), 286-309. https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.539230.
JAMA Tekin Bilbil E. Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları. IPSUS. 2019;7:286–309.
MLA Tekin Bilbil, Ebru. “Platform Teknolojileri Ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber Ve Booking.Com Vakaları”. International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies, c. 7, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 286-09, doi:10.14782/ipsus.539230.
Vancouver Tekin Bilbil E. Platform Teknolojileri ve Temsiliyet Sorunu: Uber ve Booking.com Vakaları. IPSUS. 2019;7(1):286-309.