HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE PATTERNS: EVIDENCE FROM WORKING-COUPLE HOUSEHOLDS IN TURKEY*

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 85 - 108, 10.01.2016

Fatma Bircan Bodur , Gizem Mukiyen Avcı

Öz

This paper attempts to test the implications of household production model and income pooling hypothesis utilizing data on working-couple households drawn from the 2003 Household Budget Survey compiled by Statistics Institute of Turkey. For this purpose, four distinct household expenditures- Food Away from Home (FAFH), Processed Food, Personal Care and Recreation-and-Culture- are analyzed by employing Tobit model as the estimation method. The results of the study of two-earner households indicate that wage rates of wife and husband have no statistically different effects on the FAFH, processed food and recreation-and-culture expenditures while the wage rates of the spouses have diverging effects on the personal care expenditures, holding a set of demographic variables constant. Therefore, the Turkish data reveals that the unitary household decision making is valid in the case of goods that are likely to be consumed collectively by household members whereas the non-unitary household decision making framework is supported in the case of goods that are likely to be consumed separately by family members. In relation to household production model, our estimation results depict that when hours of work of spouses increase FAFH and Processed Food expenditures increase on average, controlled for a set of demographic variables. However, this increase cannot be solely attributed to the gender roles of spouses but expenditures are likely to increase because both spouses are time constrained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Household expenditures, non-unitary models, bargaining power in marriage, household production model

Kaynakça

• Becker, G. S. 1965. A Theory of The Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal. 75(299): 493-517.
• Becker, G. S. 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Bellante, D. & Foster, A.C. 1984. Working Wives and Expenditure on Services. The Journal of Consumer Research. 11(2): 700-707.
• Bourguignon, F., Browning, M., Chiappori, P. & Lechene, V. 1993. Intra Household Allocation of Consumption: A Model and Some Evidence From French Data. Annales D’Economie Et De Statitique. 29: 137-156.
• Bozoglu M., Bilgic B., Yen S.T. & Huang C.L. 2013. Household Food Expenditures At Home and Away from Home in Turkey. Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. 1-36.
• Browning, M. & Chiappori, P. 1998. Efficient Intra-Household Allocations: A General Characterization and Empirical Tests. Econometrica. 66(6): 1241-1278.
• Browning, M., Chiappori, P. & Lechene, V. 2004. Collective and Unitary Models: A Clarification. University of Oxford Economic Series Working Paper. No: 191. http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Research/wp/pdf/paper191.pdf.
• Bryant, W. K. 1988. Durables and Wives’ Empolyment and Yet Again. The Journal of Consumer Research. 15(1): 37-47.
• Chiappori, P. 1988. Rational Household Labor Supply. Econometrica. 56(1): 63-89.
• Chiappori, P. 1992. Collective Labor Supply and Welfare. Journal of Political Economy. 100(3):437-467.
• Çınar, E. M. & Anbarcı, N. 2001. Working women and power within two-income Turkish households. In Olmsted, J. (ed.) The Economics of Women and Work in the Middle East and North Africa (Research in Middle East Economics, Volume 4) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 289 – 310.
• Ehrenberg, R.G. & Smith, R. 2009. Modern Labor Economics. Pearson Education Inc. USA.
• Gül, A., Akbay, C., Özçiçek, C., Özel, R. & Özdes Akbay, A. 2007. Expenditure Pattern for Food Away from Home Consumption in Turkey. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 19(4): 31-43.
• Hoddinott, J. & Haddad, L. 1995. Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence From Cote D’Ivoire. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 57(1): 77-96.
• Jacobs, E., Shipp, S. & Brown, G. 1989. Families of Working Wives Spending More on Service and Durables. Monthly Labor Review. 112(2): 15-23.
• Johnston, J. & Dinardo, J. 1997. Econometric Methods. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill. New York.
• Kinsey, J. 1983. Working Wives and the Marginal Propensity to Consume Food Away from Home. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 65(1): 10-19.
• Koolwal, G. & Ray, R. 2002. Estimating the Endogenously Determined Intra Household Balance of Power and its Impact on Expenditure Pattern: Evidence from Nepal. Policy Research Working Paper. No: 2814.
• Lundberg, S. & Pollak, R. A. 1993. Separate Spheres Bargaining and The Marriage Market. Journal of Political Economy. 101(6): 988-1010.
• Manrique, J. & Jensen, H. 1998. Working Women and Expenditures on Food Away-From-Home and At-Home in Spain. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 49(3): 321-333.
• Manser, M. & Brown, M. 1980. Marriage and Household Decision-Making: A Bargaining Analysis. International Economic Review. 21(1): 31-44.
• McElroy, M. B. & Horney, M.J. 1981. Nash-Bargained Household Decisions: Toward A Generalization of The Theory of Demand. International Economic Review. 22(2): 333-346.
• Nayga, R.M. 1996. Wife’s Labor Force Participation and Family Expenditures for Prepared Food, Food Prepared at Home, and Food Away From Home. Agricultural and Resource Eonomics Review. 25(2): 179-186.
• OECD.Stats https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R#
• Phipps, S. A. & Burton, P.S. 1998. What’s Mine is Yours? The Influence of Male and Female Incomes on Pattern of Household Expenditure. Economica. 65: 599-613.
• Pollak, R. A. 2005. Bargaining Power In Marriage: Earnings, Wage Rates and Household Production. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. No:11239. http://apps.olin.wustl.edu/faculty/pollak/barg%20power%20mar%2005.pdf.
• Rangel, M. A. 2003. Marriage, Cohabitation, and Intrahousehold Bargaining: Evidence from Brazilian Couples, http://www.econ.yale.edu/conference/neudc03/papers/2c-rangel.pdf.
• Redman, B. J. 1980. The Impact of Women’s Time Allocation on Expenditure for Meals Away From Home and Prepared Foods. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 62(2): 234-237.
• Rode, A. 2011. Literature Review: Non-Unitary Models of The Household (Theory andEvidence). http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~pjkuhn/Ec250A/StudentsPapers/RodeNonUnitaryModels.
• Samuelson, P. A. (1956). Social Indifference Curves. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 70 (1): 1-22.
• Soberon-Ferrer, H. & Dardis, R. 1991. Determinants of Household Expenditures for Services. The Journal of Consumer Research. 17(4): 385-397.
• Song, L. 2008. In Search of Gender Bias in Household Resource Allocation in Rural China. IZA Discussion Paper Series. No: 3464.
• Strober, M. H. & Weinger, C. 1977. Working Wives and Major Family Expenditures. The Journal of Consumer Research. 4(3): 141-147.
• Tobin, J. 1958. Estimation of Relationshipsfor Limited Dependent Variables. Journal of the Econometric Society. 26(1): 24-35.
• Uraz. A. 2008. Assessing Patterns of Household Expenditures on Recreation and Culture in Turkey in 2003. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis), Middle East Technical University. Ankara.
• Ward-Batts, J. 2008. Out of the Wallet and into the Purse: Using Micro Data to Test Income Pooling. Journal of Human Resources. 43(2): 326-351.
• Weagley, R. O. & Norum, P. S. 1989. Household Demand for Market Purchased, Home Producible Commodities. Home Economics Research Journal. 18(1): 6-18.
• Yen, S.T. 1993. Working Wives and Food Away From Home: The Box-Cox Double Hurdle Model. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 75(4): 884-895.