IU Journal of Translation Studies 2717-6959 İstanbul Üniversitesi 10.26650/iujts.2025.1597248 Translation and Interpretation Studies Çeviri ve Yorum Çalışmaları Sözlü Çeviri Çalışmalarında Bir Araç Olarak Göz Takip Teknolojisinin İncelenmesi “The Eyes, Chico. They Never Lie.”: A Review of Eye Tracking Technology As a Tool in Interpreting Studies https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-0963 Bozok Nazlıgül ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF LETTERS, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 07 04 2025 22 194 208 12 06 2024 01 16 2025 Copyright © 2020, İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi 2020 İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi

Sözlü Çeviri Çalışmalarında “kara kutu” metaforu, tercümanların dilsel ve kültürel sınırlarda gezinirken geçtikleri karmaşık, gizli bilişsel süreçleri kapsar. Günümüzde, alandaki süreç odaklı araştırmaların artması ve teknolojik ilerlemeler tercümanın zihnine bir pencere açma olanağını beraberinde getirmiştir. Göz takibi, göz hareketleri ve bilişsel çaba arasındaki ilişki göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, çevirmenin bilişsel çabası hakkında bir içgörü kazanma imkânı tanımaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı alanda yürütülmüş çalışmaları, göz takibinin hem sınırlılıklarını hem de bilişsel çabayı anlamak için önemini vurgulayarak, kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektir. Bu amaçla, çalışmalar üç dönemde ele alınmıştır: (a) 1981-1995 yılları arasındaki ilk dönem, (b) 2009-2020 yılları arasındaki canlanma dönemi, (c) 2020 sonrası dönem. İncelenen çalışmaların ışığında, gelecekteki araştırmaların örneklem büyüklüğünü artırarak, farklı gruplar arasında karşılaştırmalar yaparak, farklı ölçümleri ve istatistiksel araçları benimseyerek ve daha çeşitli dil çiftleriyle deneyler yaparak alana katkı sağlama potansiyeline sahip olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.

The “black box” metaphor in Interpreting Studies (IS) encapsulates interpreters’ complex and hidden cognitive processes while navigating linguistic and cultural boundaries. With the rise in process-oriented research within the field and the advances in technology, it is now possible for researchers within the field to explore the activity occurring in the interpreter’s mind. Technology, in this case, for eye tracking, holds great promise for providing insight, as there is a link between eye movements and cognitive effort. The aim of the present paper is to examine the previous studies in IS that use eye tracking, stressing both its limitations and its significance for comprehending cognitive effort. With this aim in mind, the studies investigated have been divided into 3 periods: (a) the early encounters, which refers to the period between 1981 and 1995, (b) the revival, which refers to the period between 2009 and 2020, and (c) the present, which covers the works published in the last four years. Building on these published works, future research could advance the field by increasing the sample size, conducting comparisons across different groups, embracing different measures and statistical tools, and involving a greater range of language pairs.

 cognitive effort cognitive load eye tracking Interpreting Studies process-oriented research bilişsel çaba bilişsel yük göz takibi Sözlü Çeviri Çalışmaları süreç odaklı araştırmalar Akal, T. (2014). Processing of Turkish complex sentences with Wh- phrases. (Doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Aktepe, S.C. (2022). Incremental processing of morphosyntax for counterfactual reasoning: An eye-tracking study with Turkish-speaking children and adults. (Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Amos, R. M., Seeber, K. G., and Pickering, M. J. (2022). Prediction during simultaneous interpreting: evidence from the visual-world paradigm. Cognition, 220, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104987 google scholar Andreassi, J. L. (2000). Psychopsiology: Human Behavior and Physiological response, 4th ed., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum google scholar Bahadır, G. (2012). Structural priming in Turkish genetive-possessive constructions (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Başer, Z. (2018). Syntactic priming of relative clause attachment in monolingual Turkish speakers and Turkish learners of English. (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Beatty, J. (1982). Task Evolved Pupillary Responses, Processing Load, and the Structure of Processing Resources. Psychological Bulletin. 91(2), 276-292. https://awspntest.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276 google scholar Bebko, C., Sciulli, L. M., & Bhagat, P. (2014). Using eye tracking to assess the impact of advertising appeals on donor behavior. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing. 26(4), 354–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2014.965073 google scholar Bosch-Baliarda, M., Soler-Vilageliu, O., & Orero, P. (2020). Sign language interpreting on TV: A reception study of visual screen exploration in deaf signing users. In M. Richart-Marset & F. Calamita (Eds.), Traducción y accesibilidad en los medios de comunicación: De la teoría a la práctica / Translation and media accessibility: From theory to practice (MonTI 12, pp. 108–143). Universitat d'Alacant. google scholar Bulut, T. (2012). Processing asymmetry in Turkish subject and object relative clauses (Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University. CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Çakır, Z. (2022). Effects of stimulus type on eye movement measures during mindless reading and mindless listening. (Master’s Thesis, Yeditepe University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Carter, B. T., & Luke, S. G. (2020). Best practices in eye tracking research. International journal of psychophysiology: Official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 155, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010 google scholar Chang, V. C., & Chen, I. F. (2023). Translation directionality and the Inhibitory Control Model: a machine learning approach to an eyetracking study. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196910 google scholar Chen, S. (2020). The impact of directionality on the process and product in consecutive interpreting between Chinese and English: Evidence from pen recording and eye tracking. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 34, 100–117. google scholar Chmiel, A., & Lijewska, A. (2019). Syntactic processing in sight translation by professional and trainee interpreters: Professionals are more time-efficient while trainees view the source text less. Target: International Journal of Translation Studies, 31(2), 250–275. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.18091.chm google scholar Cinkara, E. (2014). An investigation into pronoun resolution of Turkish learners of English by eye tracking technique. (Doctoral dissertation, Çukurova University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Çokal, D. (2012). The online and offline processing of this, that and it by native speakers of English and by Turkish non-native speakers of English. (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Çora, Ç. (2023). The influence of visual movement priming on novel and conventional metaphor comprehension: An eye-tracking study. (Master’s Thesis, Yeditepe University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar De la Fuente Suárez, L. A., 2020, Subjective experience and visual attention to a historic building: A real-world eye-tracking study. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(4), 774-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.07.006 google scholar Delabarre, E.B. (1898), A Method of Recording Eye-movements. Psychological Review, 8, 572–74. google scholar Doherty, S., Martschuk, N., Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Hale, S. (2022). An eye-movement analysis of overt visual attention during consecutive and simultaneous interpreting modes in a remotely interpreted investigative interview. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.764460 google scholar Dragsted, B., and Hansen, I. (2009). Exploring translation and interpreting hybrids. The case of sight translation. Meta, 54, 588–604. https://doi.org/10.7202/038317ar google scholar Erdem, D. T. (2015). Comparing L2 learners’ strategy use in literal vs. inferential reading: A cognitive validity study through eye-tracking (Master’s Thesis, Boğaziçi University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Federici, F. M., & Walker, C. (2018). A mapping exercise: Eye tracking and translation. In C. Walker & F. M. Federici (Eds.), Eye tracking and multidisciplinary studies on translation (pp. 11–29). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.143.02fed google scholar García, A. M. (2019). The neurocognition of translation and interpreting. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/ btl.147 google scholar Gönül, G. (2013). From lexical and conjunctive cohesion to coherence: Reading, recalling and comprehending high cohesive and low cohesive clauses. (Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Hartridge, H., & Thomson, L. C. (1948). Methods of investigating eye movements. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 32(9), 581–591. https:// doi.org/10.1136/bjo.32.9.581 google scholar Hering, E. (1879). Über Muskelgeräusche des Auges. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathema^ tisch^naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 79, 137–154. google scholar Hess, E. H., & Polt, J. M. (1964). Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving. Science, 143(3611), 1190–1192. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1712692 google scholar Higgins, E., Leinenger, M., & Rayner, K. (2014). Eye movements when viewing advertisements. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–15. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00210 google scholar Hildebrandt, C., & Oliver, J. (2000). The mind as black box: A simulation of theory building in psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 27(3), 195–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2703_06 google scholar Ho, C.-E. (2021). What does professional experience have to offer?: an eye-tracking study of sight interpreting/translation behaviour. Translation, Cognition & Behavior, 4 (1), 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00047.ho google scholar Holmqvist, K., Nystrom, M., Anderson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., & van de Weiter, J. (2015). Eye tracking. A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. Oxford, England: University Press google scholar Hu, T., Wang, X., & Xu, H. (2022). Eye-tracking in interpreting studies: A review of four decades of empirical studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872247 google scholar Huang, M. X., & Bulling, A. (2019). SacCalib: Reducing calibration distortion for stationary eye trackers using saccadic eye movements. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA 2019). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3317956.3321553 google scholar Huang, Z. J. (2011). Tracking eye movements in sight translation (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. google scholar Huey, E. B. (1908). The psychology and pedagogy of reading. New York: Macmillan. google scholar Hvelplund, K. T. (2014). Eye-tracking and the translation process: reflections on the analysis and interpretation of eye-tracking data. MonTI, 1, 201–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/MonTI.2014.ne1.6 google scholar Hyönä, J., Tommola, J., & Alaja, A. M. (1995). Pupil dilation as a measure of processing load in simultaneous interpretation and other language tasks. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 48(3), 598–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401407 google scholar Jacob, R. J. K., & Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. In J. Hyönä, R. Radach, & H. Deubel (Eds.), The mind’s eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 573–605). Elsevier Science. google scholar Jia, J. & Wei, Z. & Cheng, H. & Wang, X. (2023). Translation directionality and translator anxiety: Evidence from eye movements in L1-L2 translation. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120140 google scholar Just, M.A., & Carpenter, P.A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 441-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(76)90015-3 google scholar Kahneman, D., & Beatty, J. (1966). Pupil diameter and load on memory. Science (New York, N.Y.), 154(3756), 1583–1585. https://doi.org/10. 1126/science.154.3756.1583 google scholar Karataş, N.B. (2013). The effects of captioning on text recall and cognitive load in audio- vs. video-based L2 listening: Offline and online evidence from a mobile-assisted language learning study. (Master’s Thesis, Boğaziçi University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Korpal, P. (2015). Eye-tracking in translation and interpreting studies: The growing popularity and methodological problems. In Ł. Bogucki & M. Deckert (Eds.), Accessing audiovisual translation (pp. 199–212). Peter Lang. google scholar Korpal, P., & Stachowiak-Szymczak, K. (2019). Combined problem triggers in simultaneous interpreting: exploring the effect of delivery rate on processing and rendering numbers. Perspectives, 28(1), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2019.1628285 google scholar Korpal, P., and Stachowiak-Szymczak, K. (2018). The whole picture: processing of numbers and their context in simultaneous interpreting. Poznan Stu. Contem. Ling., 54, 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2018-0013 google scholar Kuang, H., & Zheng, B. (2022). Note-taking effort in video remote interpreting: effects of source speech difficulty and interpreter work experience. Perspectives, 31(4), 724–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2022.2053730 google scholar Kumcu, A. (2011). Visual focal loci in simultaneous interpreting (Master's thesis, Hacettepe University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual review of psychology, 62, 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131123 google scholar Lahey, J. N., & Oxley, D. (2016). The power of eye tracking in economics experiments. American Economic Review, 106(5), 309–313. https:// doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161030 google scholar Lamare M. (1892). Des mouvements des yeux dans la lecture. Bulletin et Mémoire de la Société Française d'Ophthalmologie. 10, 354–364. google scholar Landolt, E. (1891). Nouvelle recherches sur la physiologie des mouvements des yeux. Archives d’Ophthalmologie, 11, 385–395. google scholar Lian, X. Y., & Kang, Z. F. (2019). A study of eye-tracking target domain and speed effects in sight interpreting. Foreign Languages in China, (4), 15. (in Chinese) google scholar Lozano-Argüelles, C., & Sagarra, N. (2021). Interpreting experience enhances the use of lexical stress and syllabic structure to predict L2 word endings. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716421000217 google scholar Lozano-Argüelles, C., Sagarra, N., & Casillas, J. V. (2023). Interpreting experience and working memory effects on L1 and L2 morphological prediction. Frontiers in Language Sciences, 1, 1065014. https://doi.org/10.3389/flang.2022.1065014 google scholar Ma, X., & Li, D. (2021). A cognitive investigation of ‘chunking’ and ‘reordering’ for coping with word-order asymmetry in English-to-Chinese sight translation: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Interpreting, 23(2), 192–221. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00057.ma google scholar McDonald, J. L., & Carpenter, P. A. (1981). Simultaneous translation: Idiom interpretation and parsing heuristics. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 20(2), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(81)90397-2 google scholar Monty, R.A. and Senders, J.W. (Eds.). (1976). Eye Movements and Psychological Processes, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. google scholar Moratto, R. (2020). A Preliminary Review of Eye Tracking Research in Interpreting Studies: Retrospect and Prospects. Studies in Linguistics and Literature, 4(2), 19-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v4n2p19 google scholar Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Holmqvist, K., & van de Weijer, J. (2013). The influence of calibration method and eye physiology on eyetracking data quality. Behavior Research Methods, 45(2), 272–288. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0247-4 google scholar Özdemir, M. (2012). Verbal humar processing in Turkish: An eye tracking study on the influence of set effects and reading patterns in jokes. (Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Özkan, D., Hodzik, E., & Diriker, E. (2023). Simultaneous interpreting experience enhances the use of case markers for prediction in Turkish. Interpreting, 25(2), 186–210. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00085.ozk google scholar Pavlović, N., & Jensen, K. T. H. (2009). Eye tracking translation directionality. In A. Pym & A. Perekrestenko (Eds.), Translation research projects 2 (pp. 93–109). Intercultural Studies Group. google scholar Płużyczka, M. (2018). The First Hundred Years: a History of Eye Tracking as a Research Method. Applied Linguistics Papers, 25(4), 101-116. google scholar Rayner K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124(3), 372–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372 google scholar Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457–1506. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210902816461 google scholar Reed, J. B., & Meyer, R. J. (2007). Edmund Burke Huey (1870-1913): A brief life with an enduring legacy. In S.E. Israel & E. J. Monaghan (Eds.), Shaping the reading field: The impact of early reading pioneers, scientific research, and progressive ideas (pp. 159-175). International Reading Association. google scholar Rızaoğlu, F. (2016) Second language processing of English past tense morphology. (Doctoral dissertation, Boğaziçi University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar Seeber, K. (2012). Multimodal input in Simultaneous Interpreting: An eye‐tracking experiment. In l. n. Zybatov, A. Petrova, & M. Ustaszewski (eds.), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference TRANSLATA, Translation & Interpreting Research: Yesterday— Today—Tomorrow, May 12–14, 2011, Innsbruck, (pp. 341–347). Frankfurta.M.: Peter lang. google scholar Seeber, K. (2017). Multimodal processing in simultaneous interpreting. In J. W. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.), The handbook of translation and cognition (pp. 461–478). Wiley Blackwell. google scholar Seeber, K. G. (2013). Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Measures and methods. Target: International Journal of Translation Studies, 25(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.25.1.03see google scholar Seeber, K. G., Keller, L., & Hervais-Adelman, A. (2020). When the ear leads the eye – the use of text during simultaneous interpretation. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35(10), 1480–1494. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2020.1799045 google scholar Seeber, K., & Kerzel, D. (2012). Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Model meets data. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006911402982 google scholar Semmelmann, K., & Weigelt, S. (2018). Online webcam-based eye tracking in cognitive science: A first look. Behavior research methods, 50(2), 451–465. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0913-7 google scholar Senders, J.W. (2000). Four theoretical and practical questions. Keynote address presented at the Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium 2000. Abstract in Proceedings of the Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium 2000 (p. 8). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. google scholar Seubert, S. (2019). Visuelle Informationen beim Simultandolmetschen: Eine Eyetracking^Studie. Berlin, Germany: Frank & Timme GmbH. google scholar Shackel, B. (1960). Note on mobile eye viewpoint recording. JOSA, 50(8), 763–768. google scholar Shreve, G. M., Lacruz, I., & Angelone, E. (2010). Cognitive effort, syntactic disruption, and visual interference in a sight translation task. In G. M. Shreve & E. Angelone (Eds.), Translation and cognition (pp. 63–84). John Benjamins. google scholar Stachowiak-Szymczak, K., & Korpal, P. (2019). Interpreting Accuracy and Visual Processing of Numbers in Professional and Student Interpreters: an Eye-tracking Study. Across Languages and Cultures, 20(2), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2019.20.2.5 google scholar Stone, L.G. (1941), Reading Reactions for Varied Types of Subject Matter: An Analytical Study of the Eye-movements of College Freshmen. Journal of Experimental Education, 10 (1), 64–77. google scholar Su, W., and Li, D. (2019). Identifying translation problems in English-Chinese sight translation. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 14(1), 110–134. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.00033.su google scholar Su, W., and Li, D. (2020). Exploring processing patterns of Chinese-English sight translation. Babel, 66(6), 999-1024. https://doi.org/10. 1075/babel.00192.su google scholar Temizöz, Ö. (2014). Çeviri Sürecinin Göz Hareketlerinin İzlenmesi Yoluyla İncelenmesi: Çevirinin Yönü Üzerine Bir Pilot Çalışma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, 8, 97-122. google scholar Tommola, J., & Hyönä, J. (1990, April). Mental load in listening, speech shadowing and simultaneous interpreting: A pupillometric study. google scholar Paper presented at the 9th World Congress of Applied Linguistics, Thessaloniki, Greece google scholar Tommola, J., and Niemi, P. (1986). “Mental load in simultaneous interpreting: An on-line pilot study,” in Nordic Research in text Linguistics and Discourse Analysis: Papers from the first NORDTEXT Symposium, Trondheim, August 15–18, 1985. ed. L. S. Evensen (Oslo: Tapir), 171–184 google scholar Toury, G. (1982). A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies, Dispositio, 7(19/21), 23–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41491224 google scholar Tscherning, M.H.E. (1898). Optique physiologique. Paris, France: Carré and Naud. google scholar Turan, C. (2018) An eye-tracking investigation of attachment preferences to relative clauses in Turkish. (Doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University). CoHe Thesis Center. google scholar van Gerven, P. W. M., Paas, F., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Schmidt, H. (2003). Memory load and the cognitive pupillary response in aging. Psychophysiology, 41(2), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00148.x google scholar Vranjes, J., Brône, G., and Feyaerts, K. (2018). Dual feedback in interpreter-mediated interactions: On the role of gaze in the production of listener responses. Journal of Pragmatics., 134, 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.06.002 google scholar Wade, N. J., & Tatler, B. W. (2009). Did Javal measure eye movements during reading?. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2(5), 1-7. https:// doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.5.5 google scholar Walczyk, J. J., Tcholakian, T., Igou, F., & Dixon, A. P. (2014). One Hundred Years of Reading Research: Successes and Missteps of Edmund Burke Huey and Other Pioneers. Reading Psychology, 35(7), 601–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2013.790326 google scholar Walker, R.Y. (1933), The Eye-movements of Good Readers. Psychological Monographs, 44 (3), 95–117. google scholar Wang, J. Y., Li, D. F., Li, L. Q., & He, Y. (2018). Cognitive mechanism of translators’ reading processing: An eye-tracking based empirical study. Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education, 13(4). (in Chinese) google scholar Wehrmeyer, J. (2014). Eye-tracking Deaf and hearing viewing of sign language interpreted news broadcasts. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.7.1.3 google scholar Woodworth, R. S. (1938) Experimental psychology. New York, USA: Holt google scholar Yuan, L., & Wang, B. (2024). Eye-tracking the processing of visual input of live transcripts in remote simultaneous interpreting: Preliminary findings. FORUM, 22(1), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.00038.yua google scholar Zheng, B. H., and Zhou, H. (2018). Revisiting processing time for metaphorical expressions: An eye-tracking study on eye-voice span during sight translation. Foreign Language Teaching Research, 50, 744–759. google scholar Zhu, X. R., & Aryadoust, V. (2022). A synthetic review of cognitive load in distance interpreting: Toward an explanatory model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899718 google scholar Zou, L., Carl, M., Feng, J. (2022). Patterns of attention and quality in English-Chinese simultaneous interpreting with text. International Journal of Chinese and English Translation & Interpreting, 2, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.56395/ijceti.v2i2.50 google scholar