Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) in tomato

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 72 Sayı: 1, 9 - 21, 07.11.2013

Shahnaz A. M. Al-wakeel Hani Moubasher Mahmoud M. Gabr Mahmoud M. Y. Madany

Öz

The biochemical responses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots to different concentrations of the hormonal elicitors, salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA), as presoaking treatments, on the healthy and Orobanche ramosa-infected plants were studied in pot experiment under control conditions. Application of SA and IAA activate the production of proline and soluble proteins in tomato roots, where their levels were more pronounced in the infected than the healthy plants. Moreover, both elicitors increased the levels of phenolics and flavonoids accompanied by stimulations in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in tomato roots, where the magnitude of induction were more obvious in infected plants than healthy one. Also, microscopic examination revealed the anatomical differences observed in both untreated healthy and infected plants as well as in plants treated with SA and IAA. The present results indicate the effectiveness of SA and IAA in enhancing resistance of tomato to retard the incidence of infestation by Orobanche. These biochemical and histological changes involved in plant defense mechanisms may be one of the basic ways participate in the action of SA and IAA for increasing resistance in tomato against Orobanche ramosa.

Keywords

: Orobanche ramosa; tomato, Induced resistance, Phenolics, PR-proteins.

*Corresponding author

: Shahnaz Al-Wakeel (e-mail: [e-mail])

(Received: 12.04.2012 Accepted: 17.07.2012)

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orobanche ramosa; tomato, Induced resistance, Phenolics, PR-proteins.

Kaynakça

• Agrawal G.K., Rakwal R., Tamogami S., Yonekura M., Kubo A. and Saji H. (2002) Chitosan activates defense/stress response(s) in the leaves of Oryza sativa seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 40:1061–1069.
• Al-Wakeel S., Moubasher H., Gabr M. and Madany, M.M.Y. (2012) Induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants against Orobanche ramosa L. using hormonal inducers. Egyptian Journal of Botany (In press).
• Amin A. A., Rashad E.M. and El-Abagy H.M.H. (2007) Physiological effect of indole-3-butyric acid and salicylic acid on growth, yield and chemical constituents of onion plants. Journal of Applied Science Research, 3: 1554-1563.
• Bates L.S., Waldern R.P. and Teare I.D. (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for waterstress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
• Beckman C. (2000) Phenolic-storing cells: keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 57:101-110
• Bolwell G. P., Butt V., Davies D. and Zimmerlin, A. (1995) The origin of the oxidative burst in plants. Free Radical Research, 23: 517–532.
• Bowels D.J. (1990) Defense-related proteins in higher plants. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 59: 873-907.
• Cagan L. and Toth P. (2003) A decrease in tomato yield caused by branched broomrape parasitization. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 6:65–68.
• Castillejo A.M., Amiour N., Dumas-Gaudot E., Rubiales D. and Jorrin J.V. (2004) A proteomic approach to studying plant response to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in pea (Pisum sativum). Phytochemistry, 65: 1817–1828.
• Chranowski G., Ciepiela A.P., Sprawka I., Sempruch C., Sytkiewicz H. and Czerniewicz P. (2003) Activity of polyphenol oxidase in the ears of spring wheat and triticale infested by grain aphid (Sitobion avenae). Electronic Journal of Polish and Agriculture Universities, 6: 132-139.
• De-Zelicourt A., Letousey P., Thoiron S., Campion C., Simoneau P., Elmorjani K., Marion D., Simier P. and Delavault P. (2007) Ha-DEF1, a sunflower defensin, induces cell death in Orobanche parasitic plants. Planta, 226:591– 600.
• Durrant W.E. and Dong X. (2004) Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Phytopthology, 42: 185-209.
• El-Tayeb M.A., El-Enany A.E. and Ahmed N.L. (2006) Salicylic acid-induced adaptive response to copper stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Plant Growth Regulators, 50: 191–199.
• Goldwasser Y., Hershenhorn J., Plakhine D., Kleifeld Y. and Rubin B. (1999) Biochemical factors involved in vetch resistance to Orobanche aegyptiaca. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology, 54:87-96.
• Goldwasser Y., Plakhine D., Kleifeld Y., Zamski E. and Rubin B. (2000) The Dierential Susceptibility of Vetch (Vicia spp.) to Orobanche aegyptiacaanatomical studies. Annals of Botany, 85: 2572
• Gravel V., Antoun H. and Tweddell R. J. (2007) Effect of indole-acetic acid (IAA) on the development of symptoms caused by Pythium ultimum on tomato plants. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119:457–462.
• Griffitts A.A., Cramer C.L. and Westwood J.H. (2004) Host gene expression in response to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca). Weed Science, 52:697-703.
• Hartree E.F. (1972) A modification of lowry method that gives linear photometric response. Analytical Biochemistry, 48:422-425.
• Jung J.L., Fritig B. and Hahne G. (1993) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) pathogenesis-related proteins: Induction by aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and characterization. Plant Physiology, 101: 873-880.
• Junqueria A., Bedendo I. and Pascholati S. (2004) Biochemical changes in corn plants infected by the maize bushy stunt phytoplasma. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology, 65: 181-185.
• Kar M. and Mishra D. (1976) Catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology, 57: 315-320.
• Katoch R., Mann A.P.S. and Sohal B.S. (2005) Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11:67-83.
• Kosesakal T. and Unal M. (2009) Role of zinc deficiency in photosynthetic pigments and peroxidase activity of tomato seedlings. IUFS Journal of Biology, 68:113-120.
• Kusumoto D., Goldwasser Y., Xie X., Yoneyama K., Takeuchi Y. and Yoneyama K. (2007) Resistance of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to the root parasitic plant Orobanche minor is activated by salicylate but not jasmonate. Annals of Botany, 100: 537–544.
• Lejeune A., Constant S., Delavault P., Simier P., Thalouarn P. and Thoiron S. (2006) Involvement of a putative Lycopersicon esculentum wallassociated kinase in the early steps of tomato–
• Orobanche ramosa interaction. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology, 69: 3–12. Mandal S. and Mitra A. (2007) Reinforcement of cell wall in roots of Lycopersicon esculentum through induction of phenolic compounds and lignin by elicitors. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology, 71: 201–209.
• Mandal S., Mallick N. and Mitra A. (2009) Salicylic acid-induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici in tomato. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47:642–649.
• Mauromicale G., Lo Monaco A. and Longo A.M.G. (2008) Effect of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection on the growth and photosynthesis of tomato. Weed Science, 56: 574–581.
• Nafie E. and Mazen M. (2008) Chemical–induced resistance against brown stem rot in soybean: The effect of benzothiadiazole. Journal of Applied Science Research, 4:2046-2064.
• Nguyen T.B.T., Ketsa S. and Doorn W.G. (2003) Relationship between browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in banana peel during low temperature storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 30:187–193.
• Passardi F., Penel C. and Dunand C. (2004) Performing the paradoxical: How plant peroxidases modify the cell wall. Trends in Plant Science, 9:534–540.
• Perez-de-Luque A., Jorrin J.V. and Rubiales D. (2004) Crenate broomrape control in pea by foliar application of benzothiadiazole (BTH). Phytoparasitica, 32: 21–29.
• Perez-de-Luque A., Lozano M.D., Cubero J.I., Gonzalez-Melendi P., Risueno M.C. and Rubiales, D. (2006a) Mucilage production during the incompatible interaction between
• Orobanche crenata and Vicia sativa. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57: 931–942. Perez-de-Luque A., Gonzalez-Verdejo C. I., Lozano M. D., Dita M. A., Cubero, J. I., GonzalezMelendi P., Risueno M. C. and Rubiales D. (2006b) Protein cross-linking, peroxidase and β-1,3-endoglucanase involved in resistance of pea against Orobanche crenata. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57: 1461–1469.
• Radwan D.E.M., Fayez A.K., Mahmoud Y.S. and Lu G. (2010) Modifications in antioxidant activity and protein composition of bean leaf due to bean yellow mosaic virus infection and SA treatments. Acta Physiologae Plantarum, 32:315-324.
• Ragab M.M.M., Saber M.M., El-Morsy S.A. and Abd El-Aziz A.R.M. (2009) Induction of systemic resistance against root rot of basil using some chemical inducers. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 37: 59-70.
• Rispail N., Dita M.A., González-Verdejo C., Pérezde-Luque A., Castillejo M.A., Prats E., Roman B., Jorrín J. and Rubales D. (2007) Plant resistance to parasitic plants: Molecular approaches to an old foe. New Phytology, 173: 703–712.
• Sahm A., Pfanz H., Grunsfelder M., Czygan F.C. and Proksch P. (1995) Anatomy and phenylpropanoid metabolism in the incompatible interaction of Lycopersicon esculentum and Cuscuta reflexa. Botanica Acta, 108: 358–364.
• Sakanaka S., Tachibana Y. and Okada Y. (2005) Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea. Food Chemistry, 89: 569–575.
• Sauerborn J., Buschmann H., Ghiasvan-Ghiasi K. and Kogel K.H. (2002) Benzothiadiazole activates resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to the root-parasitic weed Orobanche cumana. Phytopathology, 92: 59–64.
• Sauvesty A., Page F. and Huot J. (1992) A simple method for extracting plant phenolic compounds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22: 6546
• Serghini K.A., Perez-de-Luque A., Castejon-Munoz M., Garcia-Torres L. and Jorrin J.V. (2001) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) response to broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) parasitism: Induced synthesis and excretion of 7-hydroxylated simple coumarins. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52: 2227–2234.
• Sharma S.S., Schat H. and Vooijs R. (1998) In vitro alleviation of heavy metal-induced enzyme inhibition by proline. Phytochemistry, 49: 1531–1535.
• Skadhauge B., Thomsen K. and Von Wettstein D. (1997) The role of barely testa layer in its flavonoid content in resistance to Fusarium infections. Hereditas, 126: 147-160.
• Solecka D. and Kacperska A. (2003) Phenylpropanoid deficiency affects the course of plant acclimation to cold. Physiologia Plantarum, 119: 253–262.
• Treutter D. (2006) Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letter, 4:147–157.
• Ueno M., Kumura Y., Ueda K., Kihara J. and Arase S. (2011) Indole derivatives enhance resistance against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 77:209–213.
• Van Loon L.C. (1997) Induced resistance in plants and the role of pathogenesis-related proteins. Eurpean Journal of Plant Pathology, 103: 7537
• Van Loon L.C. and Van Strien E.A. (1999) The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology, 55: 85-97.
• Van Loon L.C., Rep M. and Pieterse C.M.J. (2006)
• Significance of inducible defense related proteins in infected plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44: 135–162. Wakamatsu K. and Takahama U. (1993) Changes in peroxidase activity and in peroxidase isozymes in carrot cells. Physiologia Planttarum, 88: 1671
• Wang Y. and Zhang Y. (2010) Salicylic acid induces the accumulation of defense-related enzymes in Whangkeumbae pear and protects from pear black spot. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 3: 2Wen P. F., Chen J.Y., Kong W.F., Pan Q.H., Wan S.B. and Huang W.D. (2005) Salicylic acid induced the expression of phenylalanine ammonialyase gene in grape berry. Plant Science, 169: 928–934.
• Yamunarani K., Jaganathan R., Bhaskaran R., Govindaraju P. and Velazhahan R. (2004)
• Induction of early blight resistance in tomato by Quercus infectoria gall extract in association with accumulation of phenolics and defenserelated enzymes. Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 26: 281-290. Yang B., Rahman M.H. and Liang Y. (2010) Characterization of defense signaling pathways of Brassica napus and Brassica carinata in response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum challenge.
• Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 28:253–263.