Yıl 2023,
, 95 - 102, 28.04.2023
Şaziye Sezin Yücelik
,
Fatma Betül Yoladı
,
Selen Yeğenoğlu
,
Terken Baydar
Kaynakça
- American Psychological Association (APA). (2022a). Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/sub- stance-abuse.
- American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2022b). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (5th ed). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
- Bonnet, U., Harkener, J., & Scherbaum, N. (2008). A case report of propofol dependence in a physician. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(2), 215-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400634
- Budic,I., Stoimenov, T.J., Pavlovic, D., Marjanovic, V., Djordjevic, I., Stevic, M., & Simic, D. (2022). Clinical Importance of Potential Genetic Determinants Affecting Propofol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 809393. https://doi. org/ 10.3389/fmed.2022.809393
- Bryson, E. O., Silverstein, J. H., Warner, D. S., & Warner, M. A. (2008). Addiction and substance abuse in anesthesiology. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 109(5), 905-917. https:// doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181895bc1
- Bryson, E. O., & Frost, E. A. (2011). Propofol abuse. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 49(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1097/ AIA.0b013e3181f2bcb0
- Cho, H. Y., Hwang, Y., Shin, S., Yoon, S., & Lee, H. J. (2022). Propofol abuse among healthcare workers: an analysis of criminal cases using the database of the Supreme Court of South Korea’s judg- ments. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 75(5), 391-396 https:// doi.org/10.4097/kja.21507
- Diaz, H. J. & Kaye A. D. (2017). Death by propofol [Abstract]. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 169(2), 28- 32. Abstract retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/28414657/
- Diedrich, D.A., & Brown, D.R. (2011). Analytic reviews: propofol infusion syndrome in the ICU. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 26(2), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066610384195
- Dinis-Oliveira, R.J. (2018). Metabolic profiles of propofol and fospropofol: Clinical and forensic interpretative aspects. BioMed Research International, 2018, 6852857. https://doi: 10.1155/2018/6852857.
- Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): Na- tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Propofol. [Updated 2021]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK501298/
- DrugBank Online (Propofol). Retrieved from https://go.drugbank. com/drugs/DB00818. Access date: 13.12.2022
- Dugosh, K.L.& Cacciola, J.S (2022, Jul 25). Clinical assessment of subtance use disorder Retrived from https://www.uptodate. com/contents/clinical-assessment-of-substance-use-disorders.
- Earley, P. H., & Finver, T. (2013). Addiction to propofol: a study of 22 treatment cases. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(3), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182872901
- Feng, A.Y., Kaye, A.D., Kaye, R.J., Belani, K., & Urman, R.D. (2017) Novel propofol derivatives and implications for anesthesia practice. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33:9-15. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.202205.
- Folino, T. B., Muco, E., Safadi, A. O., & Parks, L. J. (2022). Propofol. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
- Fong, J.J., Sylvia, L., Ruthazer, R., Schumaker, G., Kcomt, M., & Dev- lin, J.W. (2008). Predictors of mortality in patients with suspected propofol infusion syndrome. Critical Care Medicine, 36(8), 2281- 2287. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180c1eb
- Fritz, G. A., & Niemczyk, W. E. (2002). Propofol dependency in a lay person. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 96(2), 505-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200202000-
00039
- Fry, R. A., Fry, L. E., & Castanelli, D. J. (2015). A retrospective survey of substance abuse in anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand from 2004 to 2013. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 43(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X1504300117
- Gold, M. S., Melker, R. J., Dennis, D. M., Morey, T. E., Bajpai, L. K., Pomm, R., & Frost-Pineda, K. (2006). Fentanyl abuse and dependence: further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/ J069v25n01_04
- Gwiazda, S., Dixon, E., Cronly, M., Kavanagh, Y., Cullinane, M., & Mulligan, L. M. (2021). Propofol misuse in Ireland–Two case re- ports and a review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 326, 110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110909
- Han, E., Jung, S., Baeck, S., Lee, S., & Chung, H. (2013). Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea. Forensic Science International, 233(1-3), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.008
- Hemphill, S., McMenamin, L., Bellamy, M.C., & Hopkins, P.M. (2019). Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 122(4), 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.025
- Iwersen-Bergmann, S., Rösner, P., Kühnau, H. C., Junge, M., & Schmoldt, A. (2001). Death after excessive propofol abuse. In- ternational Journal of Legal Medicine, 114(4), 248-251. https://doi. org/10.1007/s004149900129
- Kirby, R. R., Colaw, J. M., & Douglas, M. M. (2009). Death from pro- pofol: accident, suicide, or murder?. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 108(4), 1182-1184. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318198d45e
- Klausz, G., Róna, K., Kristóf, I., & Törő, K. (2009). Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration. Journal of Foren- sic and Legal Medicine, 16(5), 287-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jflm.2008.12.010
- Köroğlu, G., & Tezcan, A. H. (2015). A Case Report of the First Propofol Addiction in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiol- ogy and Reanimation, 43(6), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.5152/ TJAR.2015.54872
- Kranioti, E. F., Mavroforou, A., Mylonakis, P., & Michalodimitrakis,M. (2007). Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan): A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 167(1), 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.027
- Kwon, N. J., Kim, H. J., Cho, S., Lee, M. A., & Han, E. (2020). Develop- ment of a LC-MS/MS method for determination of propofol-gluc- uronide in hair and preliminary study on relationships between dose and hair concentration. Forensic Science International, 306, 110070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110070
- Levy, R. J. (2011). Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, S142-S147. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01583.x
- Li, K. Y., Xiao, C., Xiong, M., Delphin, E., & Ye, J. H. (2008). Nanomolar propofol stimulates glutamate transmission to dopamine neu- rons: a possible mechanism of abuse potential?. Journal of Phar- macology and Experimental Therapeutics, 325(1), 165-174. https:// doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.132472
- McAuliffe, P. F., Gold, M. S., Bajpai, L., Merves, M. L., Frost-Pineda, K., Pomm, R. M., & Cendán, J. C. (2006). Second-hand exposure to aerosolized intravenous anesthetics propofol and fentanyl may cause sensitization and subsequent opiate addiction among an- esthesiologists and surgeons. Medical Hypotheses, 66(5), 874-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.030
- McCarver, L., & Spear, M. (2010). Propofol: Thriller or Killer. Plas- tic and Aesthetic Nursing, 30(1), 29-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/ PSN.0b013e3181cfe649
- Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Do job conditions influence the use of drugs?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 169-184. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137056?seq=1
- Merlo, L. J., Goldberger, B. A., Kolodner, D., Fitzgerald, K., & Gold, M.S. (2008). Fentanyl and propofol exposure in the operating room: sensitization hypotheses and further data. Journal of Addictive Dis- eases, 27(3), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550880802122661
- Mirrakhimov, A.E., Voore, P., Halytskyy, O., Khan, M., & Ali, A.M. (2015). Propofol infusion syndrome in adults: a clinical update. Critical Care Research and Practice, 260385. https://doi. org/10.1155/2015/260385
- O’Malley, P. (2010). Lethal outcomes: propofol infusion syndrome and propofol abuse. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(1), 8-10. https:// doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181c5e4cf
- Olutoye, O.A., Baker, B.W., Belfort, M.A., & Olutoye, O.O. (2018). Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Ameri- can Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(1), 98-102. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.107
- Onaolapo, O.J., Olofinnade, A.T., Ojo, F.O., Adeleye, O., Falade, J., & Onaolapo, A.Y. (2022). Substance use and substance use dis- orders in Africa: An epidemiological approach to the review of existing literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(10): 1268–1286. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1268
- Plunkett, E., Costello, A., Yentis, S.M., & Hawton, K. (2021). Suicide in anaesthetists: a systematic review. Anaesthesia, 76, 1392-1403. doi: 10.1111/anae.15514
- Roussin, A., Montastruc, J. L., & Lapeyre‐Mestre, M. (2007). Pharmacological and clinical evidences on the potential forabuse and dependence of propofol: A review of the literature. Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology, 21(5), 459-466. https://doi. org/:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00497.x
- Sarff, M., & Gold, J. A. (2010). Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 38(9), S494-S501. https://doi.org/:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ec5412
- Shioya, N., Ishibe, Y., Shibata, S., Makabe, H., Kan, S., Matsumoto, N., Takahashi, G., Yamada, Y., Endo, S. (2011). Green urine discoloration due to propofol infusion: A Case Report. Case Reports in Emergen- cy Medicine, 2011, Article ID 242514. doi: 10.1155/2011/242514
- Welliver, M. D., Bertrand, A., Garza, J., & Baker, K. (2012). Two new case reports of propofol abuse and a pattern analysis of the litera- ture. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 1(1), 22-42. https:// doi.org/:10.14419/ijans.v1i1.27
- Wischmeyer, P. E., Johnson, B. R., Wilson, J. E., Dingmann, C., Bachman, H. M., Roller, E., & Henthorn, T. K. (2007). A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia pro- grams. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 105(4), 1066-1071. https://doi. org/:10.1213/01.ane.0000270215.86253.30
The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol
Yıl 2023,
, 95 - 102, 28.04.2023
Şaziye Sezin Yücelik
,
Fatma Betül Yoladı
,
Selen Yeğenoğlu
,
Terken Baydar
Öz
Addiction is considered as an occupational hazard, especially in anesthesia units in hospitals. Professionals in anesthesiol- ogy clinics have easy access to a wide range of potent psychoactive drugs, causing them to have a higher risk of drug abuse compared to other healthcare personnel. Recent studies and case reports have shown that abuse of anesthetic drugs used in these units has become a problem among health professionals, and awareness of the problem has increased. Propofol is widely used in anesthesia as a sedative-hypnotic prescription drug and in the literature, propofol abuse is mostly referred to in connection with medical and paramedical personnel. In this manuscript, we reviewed the pharmaco-kinetics, -dynam- ics effect of propofol, discussed toxicological outcomes of propofol abuse and possible institutional measures to be taken against addiction.
Kaynakça
- American Psychological Association (APA). (2022a). Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/sub- stance-abuse.
- American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2022b). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (5th ed). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
- Bonnet, U., Harkener, J., & Scherbaum, N. (2008). A case report of propofol dependence in a physician. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(2), 215-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400634
- Budic,I., Stoimenov, T.J., Pavlovic, D., Marjanovic, V., Djordjevic, I., Stevic, M., & Simic, D. (2022). Clinical Importance of Potential Genetic Determinants Affecting Propofol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 809393. https://doi. org/ 10.3389/fmed.2022.809393
- Bryson, E. O., Silverstein, J. H., Warner, D. S., & Warner, M. A. (2008). Addiction and substance abuse in anesthesiology. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 109(5), 905-917. https:// doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181895bc1
- Bryson, E. O., & Frost, E. A. (2011). Propofol abuse. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 49(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1097/ AIA.0b013e3181f2bcb0
- Cho, H. Y., Hwang, Y., Shin, S., Yoon, S., & Lee, H. J. (2022). Propofol abuse among healthcare workers: an analysis of criminal cases using the database of the Supreme Court of South Korea’s judg- ments. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 75(5), 391-396 https:// doi.org/10.4097/kja.21507
- Diaz, H. J. & Kaye A. D. (2017). Death by propofol [Abstract]. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 169(2), 28- 32. Abstract retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/28414657/
- Diedrich, D.A., & Brown, D.R. (2011). Analytic reviews: propofol infusion syndrome in the ICU. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 26(2), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066610384195
- Dinis-Oliveira, R.J. (2018). Metabolic profiles of propofol and fospropofol: Clinical and forensic interpretative aspects. BioMed Research International, 2018, 6852857. https://doi: 10.1155/2018/6852857.
- Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): Na- tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Propofol. [Updated 2021]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK501298/
- DrugBank Online (Propofol). Retrieved from https://go.drugbank. com/drugs/DB00818. Access date: 13.12.2022
- Dugosh, K.L.& Cacciola, J.S (2022, Jul 25). Clinical assessment of subtance use disorder Retrived from https://www.uptodate. com/contents/clinical-assessment-of-substance-use-disorders.
- Earley, P. H., & Finver, T. (2013). Addiction to propofol: a study of 22 treatment cases. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(3), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182872901
- Feng, A.Y., Kaye, A.D., Kaye, R.J., Belani, K., & Urman, R.D. (2017) Novel propofol derivatives and implications for anesthesia practice. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33:9-15. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.202205.
- Folino, T. B., Muco, E., Safadi, A. O., & Parks, L. J. (2022). Propofol. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
- Fong, J.J., Sylvia, L., Ruthazer, R., Schumaker, G., Kcomt, M., & Dev- lin, J.W. (2008). Predictors of mortality in patients with suspected propofol infusion syndrome. Critical Care Medicine, 36(8), 2281- 2287. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180c1eb
- Fritz, G. A., & Niemczyk, W. E. (2002). Propofol dependency in a lay person. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 96(2), 505-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200202000-
00039
- Fry, R. A., Fry, L. E., & Castanelli, D. J. (2015). A retrospective survey of substance abuse in anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand from 2004 to 2013. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 43(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X1504300117
- Gold, M. S., Melker, R. J., Dennis, D. M., Morey, T. E., Bajpai, L. K., Pomm, R., & Frost-Pineda, K. (2006). Fentanyl abuse and dependence: further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/ J069v25n01_04
- Gwiazda, S., Dixon, E., Cronly, M., Kavanagh, Y., Cullinane, M., & Mulligan, L. M. (2021). Propofol misuse in Ireland–Two case re- ports and a review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 326, 110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110909
- Han, E., Jung, S., Baeck, S., Lee, S., & Chung, H. (2013). Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea. Forensic Science International, 233(1-3), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.008
- Hemphill, S., McMenamin, L., Bellamy, M.C., & Hopkins, P.M. (2019). Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 122(4), 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.025
- Iwersen-Bergmann, S., Rösner, P., Kühnau, H. C., Junge, M., & Schmoldt, A. (2001). Death after excessive propofol abuse. In- ternational Journal of Legal Medicine, 114(4), 248-251. https://doi. org/10.1007/s004149900129
- Kirby, R. R., Colaw, J. M., & Douglas, M. M. (2009). Death from pro- pofol: accident, suicide, or murder?. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 108(4), 1182-1184. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318198d45e
- Klausz, G., Róna, K., Kristóf, I., & Törő, K. (2009). Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration. Journal of Foren- sic and Legal Medicine, 16(5), 287-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jflm.2008.12.010
- Köroğlu, G., & Tezcan, A. H. (2015). A Case Report of the First Propofol Addiction in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiol- ogy and Reanimation, 43(6), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.5152/ TJAR.2015.54872
- Kranioti, E. F., Mavroforou, A., Mylonakis, P., & Michalodimitrakis,M. (2007). Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan): A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 167(1), 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.027
- Kwon, N. J., Kim, H. J., Cho, S., Lee, M. A., & Han, E. (2020). Develop- ment of a LC-MS/MS method for determination of propofol-gluc- uronide in hair and preliminary study on relationships between dose and hair concentration. Forensic Science International, 306, 110070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110070
- Levy, R. J. (2011). Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, S142-S147. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01583.x
- Li, K. Y., Xiao, C., Xiong, M., Delphin, E., & Ye, J. H. (2008). Nanomolar propofol stimulates glutamate transmission to dopamine neu- rons: a possible mechanism of abuse potential?. Journal of Phar- macology and Experimental Therapeutics, 325(1), 165-174. https:// doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.132472
- McAuliffe, P. F., Gold, M. S., Bajpai, L., Merves, M. L., Frost-Pineda, K., Pomm, R. M., & Cendán, J. C. (2006). Second-hand exposure to aerosolized intravenous anesthetics propofol and fentanyl may cause sensitization and subsequent opiate addiction among an- esthesiologists and surgeons. Medical Hypotheses, 66(5), 874-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.030
- McCarver, L., & Spear, M. (2010). Propofol: Thriller or Killer. Plas- tic and Aesthetic Nursing, 30(1), 29-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/ PSN.0b013e3181cfe649
- Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Do job conditions influence the use of drugs?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 169-184. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137056?seq=1
- Merlo, L. J., Goldberger, B. A., Kolodner, D., Fitzgerald, K., & Gold, M.S. (2008). Fentanyl and propofol exposure in the operating room: sensitization hypotheses and further data. Journal of Addictive Dis- eases, 27(3), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550880802122661
- Mirrakhimov, A.E., Voore, P., Halytskyy, O., Khan, M., & Ali, A.M. (2015). Propofol infusion syndrome in adults: a clinical update. Critical Care Research and Practice, 260385. https://doi. org/10.1155/2015/260385
- O’Malley, P. (2010). Lethal outcomes: propofol infusion syndrome and propofol abuse. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(1), 8-10. https:// doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181c5e4cf
- Olutoye, O.A., Baker, B.W., Belfort, M.A., & Olutoye, O.O. (2018). Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Ameri- can Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(1), 98-102. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.107
- Onaolapo, O.J., Olofinnade, A.T., Ojo, F.O., Adeleye, O., Falade, J., & Onaolapo, A.Y. (2022). Substance use and substance use dis- orders in Africa: An epidemiological approach to the review of existing literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(10): 1268–1286. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1268
- Plunkett, E., Costello, A., Yentis, S.M., & Hawton, K. (2021). Suicide in anaesthetists: a systematic review. Anaesthesia, 76, 1392-1403. doi: 10.1111/anae.15514
- Roussin, A., Montastruc, J. L., & Lapeyre‐Mestre, M. (2007). Pharmacological and clinical evidences on the potential forabuse and dependence of propofol: A review of the literature. Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology, 21(5), 459-466. https://doi. org/:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00497.x
- Sarff, M., & Gold, J. A. (2010). Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 38(9), S494-S501. https://doi.org/:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ec5412
- Shioya, N., Ishibe, Y., Shibata, S., Makabe, H., Kan, S., Matsumoto, N., Takahashi, G., Yamada, Y., Endo, S. (2011). Green urine discoloration due to propofol infusion: A Case Report. Case Reports in Emergen- cy Medicine, 2011, Article ID 242514. doi: 10.1155/2011/242514
- Welliver, M. D., Bertrand, A., Garza, J., & Baker, K. (2012). Two new case reports of propofol abuse and a pattern analysis of the litera- ture. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 1(1), 22-42. https:// doi.org/:10.14419/ijans.v1i1.27
- Wischmeyer, P. E., Johnson, B. R., Wilson, J. E., Dingmann, C., Bachman, H. M., Roller, E., & Henthorn, T. K. (2007). A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia pro- grams. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 105(4), 1066-1071. https://doi. org/:10.1213/01.ane.0000270215.86253.30