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Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 54 Sayı: 1, 49 - 60, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835

Öz

Background and Aims: This research focuses on assessing the antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties of Mentha piperita Lamiaceae and Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae essential oils and their potential synergistic effects with various antibiotics.

Methods: The study identifies the chemical composition of M. piperita and O. basilicum essential oils by employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods to identify antioxidant activity. The study also uses the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method for the antibacterial and antifungal activity tests.

Results: The main constituents of M. piperita are menthol (51.89%), L-menthone (17.81%), L-menthol (10.17%), and menthyl acetate 6.29%. The main constituents of O. basilicum are 65.51% estragole, 18.51% L-linalool, 2.69% bisabolene, and 2.66% trans-4-methoxycinnamaldehyde. With regard to the DPPH method, IC50 values of 0.028 and 0.019 were found for M. piperita and O. basilicum, respectively, based on the inhibition values. The results for the CUPRAC method indicate O. basilicum to show more antioxidant activity than M. piperita. According to the MICs, the essential oils are effective against bacteria at 1:4-1:16 dilutions, while the MIC values for the oil mixture (1:1) are significantly lower at a dilution of up to 1:2048. When combining the oils combined with the antibiotics (i.e., tobramycin and ceftazidime), they provide a synergistic activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antifungal activity tests reveal no sufficient activity against the mold Aspergillus niger, while a limited effect was observed against the yeast Candida albicans.

Conclusion: The results show that the studied essential oils, especially their mixture at a 1:1 ratio, could be a good treatment option either alone or as a drug adjuvant due to their antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Kaynakça

  • Akyuz, E., Şahin, H., Islamoglu, F., Kolayli, S., & Sandra, P. (2014). Evaluation of phenolic compounds in Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica by HPLC-UV and HPLC-UV-MS/MS. International journal of food properties, 17(2), 331-343. google scholar
  • Al-Maskri, A. Y., Hanif, M. A., Al-Maskari, M. Y., Abraham, A. S., Al-sabahi, J. N., & Al-Mantheri, O. (2011). Essential oil from Ocimum basilicum (Omani Basil): a desert crop. Natural product communications, 6(10), 1934578X1100601020. google scholar
  • Andrews J. M. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concen-trations. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 48(48-71). google scholar
  • Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vita-mins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of agricul-tural and food chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. google scholar
  • Aşkın, B., & Kaynarca, G. B. (2020). Determination of Antioxidant Properties and Composition of Rosemary and Thyme Essential Oils. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food 5cience and Technol-ogy, 8(10), 2105-2112. google scholar
  • Clemente, I., Aznar, M., Silva, F., & Nerin, C. (2016). Antimicrobial properties and mode of action of mustard and cinnamon essential oils and their combination against foodborne bacteria. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 36, 26-33. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2014). Perfor-mance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 2th infor-mational supplement. M100-S24. Wayne, PA: CLSI. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2000). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard M27-A NCCLS, Wayne, PA; CLSI.. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2006). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved Standard M7-A5. Wayne, PA: CLSI. google scholar
  • Cox-Georgian, D., Ramadoss, N., Dona, C., & Basu, C. (2019). Ther-apeutic and medicinal uses of terpenes. In Medicinal Plants (pp. 333-359). Springer, Cham. google scholar
  • Deng, J., Cheng, W., & Yang, G. (2011). A novel antioxidant activity index (AAU) for natural products using the DPPH assay. Food Chemistry, 125(4), 1430-1435. google scholar
  • El Atki, Y., Aouam, I., El Kamari, F., Taroq, A., Nayme, K., Timinouni, M., ... & Abdellaoui, A. (2019). Antibacterial activity of cinnamon essential oils and their synergistic potential with antibiotics. Jour-nal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 10(2), 63. google scholar
  • Fadli, M., Saad, A., Sayadi, S., Chevalier, J., Mezrioui, N. E., Pages, J. M., & Hassani, L. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Thymus maroc-canus and Thymus broussonetii essential oils against nosocomial infection-bacteria and their synergistic potential with antibiotics. Phytomedicine, 19(5), 464-471. google scholar
  • Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C., & Bourke, P. (2008). The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 124(1), 91-97. google scholar
  • Hay, R. J. (2006). Fungal infections. Clinics in Dermatology, 24(3), 201-212. google scholar
  • Hussain, A. I., Anwar, F., Sherazi, S. T. H., & Przybylski, R. (2008). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chemistry, 108(3), 986-995. google scholar
  • Ismail, A., Marjan, Z. M., & Foong, C.W. (2004). Total antioxidant ac-tivity and phenolic content in selected vegetables. Food chemistry, 87(4), 581-586. google scholar
  • İşcan, G., Kirimer, N., Kürkcüoglu, M., Başer, H. C., & Demirci, F. (2002). Antimicrobial screening of Mentha piperita essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(14), 3943-3946. google scholar
  • Jalal, Z., El Atki, Y., Lyoussi, B., & Abdellaoui, A. (2015). Phyto-chemistry of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. growing wild in Morocco: Preventive approach against nosocomial infections. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(6), 458-461. google scholar
  • Johnson-Henry, K. C., Hagen, K. E., Gordonpour, M., Tompkins, T. A., & Sherman, P. M. (2007). Surface-layer protein extracts from Lactobacillus helveticus inhibit enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 adhesion to epithelial cells. Cellular Microbiology, 9(2), 356-367. google scholar
  • Ju, J., Xie, Y., Yu, H., Guo, Y., Cheng, Y., Qian, H., & Yao, W. (2022) Synergistic interactions of plant essential oils with antimicrobial agents: a new antimicrobial therapy, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62:7, 1740-1751. google scholar
  • Kizil, S., Hasimi, N., Tolan, V., Kilinc, E., & Yuksel, U. (2010). Mineral content, essential oil components and biological activity of two mentha species (M. piperita L., M. spicata L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2), 148-153. google scholar
  • Langeveld, W.T., Veldhuizen E.J.A., & Burt S.A. (2014). Synergy be-tween essential oil components and antibiotics: a review, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 40:1, 76-94. google scholar
  • Letessier, M. P., Svoboda, K. P., & Walters, D. R. (2001). Antifun-gal activity of the essential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Journal of Phytopathology, 149(11-12), 673-678. google scholar
  • Limon, J. J., Skalski, J. H., & Underhill, D. M. (2017). Commensal fungi in health and disease. Cell host & microbe, 22(2), 156-165. google scholar
  • Liu, Q., Meng, X., Li, Y., Zhao, C. N., Tang, G. Y., & Li, H. B. (2017). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of spices. Interna-tional Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(6), 1283. google scholar
  • Marwa, C., Fikri-Benbrahim, K., Ou-Yahia, D., & Farah, A. (2017). African peppermint (Mentha piperita) from Morocco: Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oil. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 8(3), 86. google scholar
  • Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activ-ity.Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 26(2), 211219. google scholar
  • Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharma-ceuticals, 6(12), 1451-1474. google scholar
  • Ouakouak, H., Chohra, M., & Denane, M. (2015). Chemical composi-tion, antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium L, South East of Algeria. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 39. google scholar
  • Poonkodi, K. A. T. H. I. R. V. E. L. (2016). Chemical composition of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L.(Basil) and its biological activities-an overview. Journal of Critical Reviews, 3(3), 56-62. google scholar
  • Rand, K. H., Houck, H. J., Brown, P., & Bennett, D. (1993). Repro-ducibility of the microdilution checkerboard method for antibiotic synergy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 37(3), 613615. google scholar
  • Rosato, A., Vitali, C., De Laurentis, N., Armenise, D., & Milillo, M. A. (2007). Antibacterial effect of some essential oils administered alone orin combination with Norfloxacin. Phytomedicine, 14(11), 727-732. google scholar
  • Saharkhiz, M. J., Motamedi, M., Zomorodian, K., Pakshir, K., Miri, R., & Hemyari, K. (2012). Chemical composition, antifungal and antibiofilm activities of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012. google scholar
  • Sharma, O. P., & Bhat, T. K. (2009). DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 1202-1205. google scholar
  • Stanojevic, L. P., Marjanovic-Balaban, Z. R., Kalaba, V. D., Stano-jevic, J. S., Cvetkovic, D. J., & Cakic, M. D. (2017). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of basil (Oci-mum basilicum L.) essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20(6), 1557-1569. google scholar
  • Talei, G. R., Mohammadi, M., Bahmani, M., & Kopaei, M. R. (2017). Synergistic effect of Carum copticum and Mentha piperita es-sential oils with ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and gentamicin on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 7(2), 82. google scholar
  • Torres-Martmez, R., Garrfa-Rodriguez, Y. M., Rfos-Châvez, P., Saavedra-Molina, A., Lopez-Meza, J. E., Ochoa-Zarzosa, A., & Garciglia, R. S. (2017). Antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its major terpenes of Satureja macrostema (Moc. and Sesse ex Benth.) Briq. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(Suppl 4), S875. google scholar
  • Trombetta, D., Castelli, F., Sarpietro, M. G., Venuti, V., Cristani, M., Daniele, C., ... & Bisignano, G. (2005). Mechanisms of an-tibacterial action of three monoterpenes.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(6), 2474-2478. google scholar
  • Tullio, V., Roana, J., Scalas, D., & Mandras, N. (2019). Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Mentha x piperita (Lamiaceae) of Pancalieri (Turin, Italy) essential oil and its synergistic interaction with azoles. Molecules, 24(17), 3148. google scholar
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 54 Sayı: 1, 49 - 60, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akyuz, E., Şahin, H., Islamoglu, F., Kolayli, S., & Sandra, P. (2014). Evaluation of phenolic compounds in Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica by HPLC-UV and HPLC-UV-MS/MS. International journal of food properties, 17(2), 331-343. google scholar
  • Al-Maskri, A. Y., Hanif, M. A., Al-Maskari, M. Y., Abraham, A. S., Al-sabahi, J. N., & Al-Mantheri, O. (2011). Essential oil from Ocimum basilicum (Omani Basil): a desert crop. Natural product communications, 6(10), 1934578X1100601020. google scholar
  • Andrews J. M. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concen-trations. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 48(48-71). google scholar
  • Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vita-mins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of agricul-tural and food chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. google scholar
  • Aşkın, B., & Kaynarca, G. B. (2020). Determination of Antioxidant Properties and Composition of Rosemary and Thyme Essential Oils. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food 5cience and Technol-ogy, 8(10), 2105-2112. google scholar
  • Clemente, I., Aznar, M., Silva, F., & Nerin, C. (2016). Antimicrobial properties and mode of action of mustard and cinnamon essential oils and their combination against foodborne bacteria. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 36, 26-33. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2014). Perfor-mance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 2th infor-mational supplement. M100-S24. Wayne, PA: CLSI. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2000). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard M27-A NCCLS, Wayne, PA; CLSI.. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2006). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved Standard M7-A5. Wayne, PA: CLSI. google scholar
  • Cox-Georgian, D., Ramadoss, N., Dona, C., & Basu, C. (2019). Ther-apeutic and medicinal uses of terpenes. In Medicinal Plants (pp. 333-359). Springer, Cham. google scholar
  • Deng, J., Cheng, W., & Yang, G. (2011). A novel antioxidant activity index (AAU) for natural products using the DPPH assay. Food Chemistry, 125(4), 1430-1435. google scholar
  • El Atki, Y., Aouam, I., El Kamari, F., Taroq, A., Nayme, K., Timinouni, M., ... & Abdellaoui, A. (2019). Antibacterial activity of cinnamon essential oils and their synergistic potential with antibiotics. Jour-nal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 10(2), 63. google scholar
  • Fadli, M., Saad, A., Sayadi, S., Chevalier, J., Mezrioui, N. E., Pages, J. M., & Hassani, L. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Thymus maroc-canus and Thymus broussonetii essential oils against nosocomial infection-bacteria and their synergistic potential with antibiotics. Phytomedicine, 19(5), 464-471. google scholar
  • Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C., & Bourke, P. (2008). The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 124(1), 91-97. google scholar
  • Hay, R. J. (2006). Fungal infections. Clinics in Dermatology, 24(3), 201-212. google scholar
  • Hussain, A. I., Anwar, F., Sherazi, S. T. H., & Przybylski, R. (2008). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chemistry, 108(3), 986-995. google scholar
  • Ismail, A., Marjan, Z. M., & Foong, C.W. (2004). Total antioxidant ac-tivity and phenolic content in selected vegetables. Food chemistry, 87(4), 581-586. google scholar
  • İşcan, G., Kirimer, N., Kürkcüoglu, M., Başer, H. C., & Demirci, F. (2002). Antimicrobial screening of Mentha piperita essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(14), 3943-3946. google scholar
  • Jalal, Z., El Atki, Y., Lyoussi, B., & Abdellaoui, A. (2015). Phyto-chemistry of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. growing wild in Morocco: Preventive approach against nosocomial infections. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(6), 458-461. google scholar
  • Johnson-Henry, K. C., Hagen, K. E., Gordonpour, M., Tompkins, T. A., & Sherman, P. M. (2007). Surface-layer protein extracts from Lactobacillus helveticus inhibit enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 adhesion to epithelial cells. Cellular Microbiology, 9(2), 356-367. google scholar
  • Ju, J., Xie, Y., Yu, H., Guo, Y., Cheng, Y., Qian, H., & Yao, W. (2022) Synergistic interactions of plant essential oils with antimicrobial agents: a new antimicrobial therapy, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62:7, 1740-1751. google scholar
  • Kizil, S., Hasimi, N., Tolan, V., Kilinc, E., & Yuksel, U. (2010). Mineral content, essential oil components and biological activity of two mentha species (M. piperita L., M. spicata L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2), 148-153. google scholar
  • Langeveld, W.T., Veldhuizen E.J.A., & Burt S.A. (2014). Synergy be-tween essential oil components and antibiotics: a review, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 40:1, 76-94. google scholar
  • Letessier, M. P., Svoboda, K. P., & Walters, D. R. (2001). Antifun-gal activity of the essential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Journal of Phytopathology, 149(11-12), 673-678. google scholar
  • Limon, J. J., Skalski, J. H., & Underhill, D. M. (2017). Commensal fungi in health and disease. Cell host & microbe, 22(2), 156-165. google scholar
  • Liu, Q., Meng, X., Li, Y., Zhao, C. N., Tang, G. Y., & Li, H. B. (2017). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of spices. Interna-tional Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(6), 1283. google scholar
  • Marwa, C., Fikri-Benbrahim, K., Ou-Yahia, D., & Farah, A. (2017). African peppermint (Mentha piperita) from Morocco: Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oil. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 8(3), 86. google scholar
  • Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activ-ity.Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 26(2), 211219. google scholar
  • Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharma-ceuticals, 6(12), 1451-1474. google scholar
  • Ouakouak, H., Chohra, M., & Denane, M. (2015). Chemical composi-tion, antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium L, South East of Algeria. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 39. google scholar
  • Poonkodi, K. A. T. H. I. R. V. E. L. (2016). Chemical composition of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L.(Basil) and its biological activities-an overview. Journal of Critical Reviews, 3(3), 56-62. google scholar
  • Rand, K. H., Houck, H. J., Brown, P., & Bennett, D. (1993). Repro-ducibility of the microdilution checkerboard method for antibiotic synergy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 37(3), 613615. google scholar
  • Rosato, A., Vitali, C., De Laurentis, N., Armenise, D., & Milillo, M. A. (2007). Antibacterial effect of some essential oils administered alone orin combination with Norfloxacin. Phytomedicine, 14(11), 727-732. google scholar
  • Saharkhiz, M. J., Motamedi, M., Zomorodian, K., Pakshir, K., Miri, R., & Hemyari, K. (2012). Chemical composition, antifungal and antibiofilm activities of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012. google scholar
  • Sharma, O. P., & Bhat, T. K. (2009). DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 1202-1205. google scholar
  • Stanojevic, L. P., Marjanovic-Balaban, Z. R., Kalaba, V. D., Stano-jevic, J. S., Cvetkovic, D. J., & Cakic, M. D. (2017). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of basil (Oci-mum basilicum L.) essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20(6), 1557-1569. google scholar
  • Talei, G. R., Mohammadi, M., Bahmani, M., & Kopaei, M. R. (2017). Synergistic effect of Carum copticum and Mentha piperita es-sential oils with ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and gentamicin on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 7(2), 82. google scholar
  • Torres-Martmez, R., Garrfa-Rodriguez, Y. M., Rfos-Châvez, P., Saavedra-Molina, A., Lopez-Meza, J. E., Ochoa-Zarzosa, A., & Garciglia, R. S. (2017). Antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its major terpenes of Satureja macrostema (Moc. and Sesse ex Benth.) Briq. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(Suppl 4), S875. google scholar
  • Trombetta, D., Castelli, F., Sarpietro, M. G., Venuti, V., Cristani, M., Daniele, C., ... & Bisignano, G. (2005). Mechanisms of an-tibacterial action of three monoterpenes.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(6), 2474-2478. google scholar
  • Tullio, V., Roana, J., Scalas, D., & Mandras, N. (2019). Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Mentha x piperita (Lamiaceae) of Pancalieri (Turin, Italy) essential oil and its synergistic interaction with azoles. Molecules, 24(17), 3148. google scholar
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmasotik Mikrobiyoloji
Bölüm Original Article
Yazarlar

Simay Türk 0000-0002-0644-8258

Şükriye Gülnur Aşçı 0000-0002-9029-4502

Tuba Sevimoğlu 0000-0003-4563-3154

Sibel Döşler

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 54 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Türk, S., Aşçı, Ş. G., Sevimoğlu, T., Döşler, S. (2024). Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 54(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835
AMA Türk S, Aşçı ŞG, Sevimoğlu T, Döşler S. Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics. iujp. Nisan 2024;54(1):49-60. doi:10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835
Chicago Türk, Simay, Şükriye Gülnur Aşçı, Tuba Sevimoğlu, ve Sibel Döşler. “Investigating the Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Ocimum Basilicum L. and Mentha Piperita L. Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Potentials With Antibiotics”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 54, sy. 1 (Nisan 2024): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835.
EndNote Türk S, Aşçı ŞG, Sevimoğlu T, Döşler S (01 Nisan 2024) Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 54 1 49–60.
IEEE S. Türk, Ş. G. Aşçı, T. Sevimoğlu, ve S. Döşler, “Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics”, iujp, c. 54, sy. 1, ss. 49–60, 2024, doi: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835.
ISNAD Türk, Simay vd. “Investigating the Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Ocimum Basilicum L. and Mentha Piperita L. Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Potentials With Antibiotics”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 54/1 (Nisan 2024), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835.
JAMA Türk S, Aşçı ŞG, Sevimoğlu T, Döşler S. Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics. iujp. 2024;54:49–60.
MLA Türk, Simay vd. “Investigating the Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Ocimum Basilicum L. and Mentha Piperita L. Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Potentials With Antibiotics”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, c. 54, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 49-60, doi:10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2024.1367835.
Vancouver Türk S, Aşçı ŞG, Sevimoğlu T, Döşler S. Investigating the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha piperita L. essential oils and their synergistic potentials with antibiotics. iujp. 2024;54(1):49-60.