VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN THE FAMILY WITHIN THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM AND THE TOOLS TO COMBAT THAT

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 1 - 37, 15.12.2013

Gülay Arslan Öncü

Öz

Domestic violence against women is a worlwide phenomenon. Traditonaly, domestic violence

was recognised as a private matter rather than as a human rights issue. Through the

efforts of the human rights activists, women’s movement and scholars, domestic violence

was put on the UN agenda. General Reccomendation No. 19 of the CEDAW has recognised

domestic violence as a gender-based discrimination for the first time and entegrated

it in the CEDAW system. Within the international human rights law, the State Parties are

under the obligation to combat domestic violence against women, which is recognised

as a gender-based discrimination, notwithstanding it occurs in private or public sphere.

According to the due diligence standarts, States are obliged to protect the victims of the

domestic violence and to prosecute the perpetrators but also to eradicate the roots and

causes of the domestic violence as well. In the judgments of the ECtHR, domestic violence

has been found as a violation of the ECHR and it has been recognised that the State Parties

are under the positive obligations in this issue. Therefore, an integrated approach should

be adopted in order to eliminate domestic violence against women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

discrimination, domestic violence against women, due diligence, echr

AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ SİSTEMİNDE KADINA KARŞI AİLE İÇİ ŞİDDET OLGUSU VE BUNUNLA MÜCADELE ARAÇLARI

Öz

Kadına karşı aile içi şiddet dünya çapında bir olgudur. Geleneksel olarak, bir insan hakları

meselesi olarak kabul edilmeyen kadına karşı aile içi şiddet, insan hakları aktivistlerinin,

kadın hareketlerinin ve bu alanda çalışan akademisyenlerin gayretli çabaları sonucunda

BM gündemine girmiştir. KKAOKK’nin 19 numaralı Genel Tavsiyesi ile kadına karşı

şiddet ilk kez toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde bir ayrımcılık biçimi olarak kabul edilmiş ve

kadına karşı şiddet hususunu açıkça düzenlemeyen KKAOKS sistemine entegre edilmiştir.

Uluslararası insan hakları hukukunda toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde bir ayrımcılık biçimi

olarak kabul edilen kadına karşı şiddet, ister özel ister kamusal alanda gerçekleşsin devletin

bununla mücadele etme yükümlülüğü vardır. Due diligence standartlar olarak adlandırılan

bu yükümlülükler uyarınca devlet sadece şiddet mağdurunu koruma, faili cezalandırma

yükümlülüğü altında olmayıp şiddetin köklerini ve nedenlerini de ortadan kaldırma yükümlülüğü

altındadır. Kadına karşı aile içi şiddet, AİHM kararlarında uluslararası insan

hakları hukuku arka planı çerçevesinde incelendiğinde, AİHM’in de bu şiddet biçimini AİHS

ile bağdaşmaz bulduğu ve Taraf Devletlerin bu hususta pozitif yükümlülükleri olduğunu

kabul ettiği görülmektedir. Kadına karşı aile içi şiddetle mücadelede kadının üç kuşak

insan hakları da dikkate alınarak bütüncül bir yaklaşım benimsenmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

AİHS, ayrımcılık, bütüncül yaklaşım, due diligence

Kaynakça

• ARSLAN, Gülay; Birleşmiş Milletler Kadınlara Karşı Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Ortadan Kaldırılmasına Dair Sözleşme (Öngörülen Haklar ve Öngörülen Usuller), İÜHF Mecmuası, Cilt LXII, Sayı 1-2, 2004, s. 3-43. (Kadınlara Karşı Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Ortadan Kaldırılmasına Dair Sözleşme)
• ARSLAN-ÖNCÜ, Gülay; Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesinde Özel Yaşamın Korunması Hakkı, Beta, İstanbul, 2011. (Özel Yaşamın Korunması Hakkı)
• ARSLAN-ÖNCÜ, Gülay; Ulusalüstü İnsan Hakları Hukukunda Soruşturma Usulü, MHB, Yıl 31, Sayı 1, 2011, s. 29-90. (Soruşturma Usulü)
• EDWARDS, Alice; Violence against Women under International Human Rights Law, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• FREEMAN, Marsha A., CHINKIN, Christine, RUDOLF, Beate; The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women- A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2012.
• GEMALMAZ, Mehmet Semih; İnsan Hakları Belgeleri/Human Rights Instruments/Cilt-Vol. I/Avrupa Konseyi-Birinci Bölüm-Council of Europe- First Part, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003.
• GEMALMAZ, Mehmet Semih; İnsan Hakları Belgeleri/Human Rights Instruments/ Cilt V, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003.
• GOLDSCHEID, Julie; Domestic and Sexual Violence as Sex Discrimination: Comparing American and International Approaches, Thomas Jefferson Law Review, Vol. 28, 2006, s. 355-398.
• HERNANDEZ-TRUYOL, Berta Esperanza; Sex, Culture and Rights: A Re/Conceptualization of Violence for the Twenty-First Century, Albany Law Review, Vol. 60, 1997, s. 607-634.
• McGLYNN, Clare; Rape, Torture and the European Convention on Human Rights, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.58, 2009, s. 565-595.
• MEYERSFELD, Bonita; Domestic Violence and International Law, Hart Publishing, 2010. Kadına Karşı Aile İçi Şiddet ve Bununla Mücadele Araçları 33
• THOMAS, Dorothy, BEASLEY, Michele; Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue, Albany Law Review, Vol. 58, 1995, s.1119-1147.
• VAN LEEUWEN, Fleur; Women’s Rights Are Human Rights, The Practice of the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Intersentia, 2010.
• VOJDIK, Valorie K.; Conceptualizing Intimate Violence and Gender Equality: A Comparative Approach, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 31, Issue 2, 2007, s. 487-527.
• YÜKSELBABA, Ülker: Habermas ve Kamusal Alan: Burjuva Kamusallık İlkesinden, İletişimsel Kamusallığa Geçiş, XII Levha, İstanbul, 2012.
• Kullanılan Ulusalüstü İnsan Hakları Hukuku Belgeleri Afrika İnsan ve Halkların Hakları Şartının, Afrika’da Kadınların Hakları Protokolü (Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa ), adopted by the 2nd Ordinary Session of the Assembly Union, Maputo, 11 July 2003.
• CEDAW General Recommendation No. 21: “Equality in marriage and family relations”, 04/02/94.
• Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, Istanbul, 11.5.2011, Council of Europe Treaty Series-No. 210.
• Ending Violence against Women From Words to Action, Study of the Secretary- General of the United Nations, United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.06.IV.8, 2006.
• Genel Tavsiye No.14: Kadın Sünneti/ (“General Recommendation No.14: Femalecircumcision”), (Ninth Session, 1990) (A/45/38), KKAOKK’nin 1990 yılındaki 9. oturumunda kabul edilmiştir.
• Genel Tavsiye No.19: Kadınlara Karşı Şiddet/ (“General Recommendation No.19: Violence against women”), (11th Session, 1992) (A/47/38).
• Kadınlara Karşı Her Biçimiyle Ayrımcılığın Ortadan Kaldırılması Sözleşmesi/ (“Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”), 18/12/1979.
• Kadınlara Karşı Şiddetin Ortadan Kaldırılması Hakkında Bildiri (“Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women”), BM Genel Kurulu’nun 20/12/1993.
• Kadınlara Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesi, Cezalandırılması ve Ortadan Kaldırılması Hakkında Amerikalılararası Sözleşme (“Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women”), ”, 09/06/1994.
• Recommendation Rec(2002)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 30 April 2002 at the 794th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/85, E/CN.4/1996/53.
• Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms.Radhika Coomaraswamy, submittedin accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/85 (E/CN.4/1996/53), 6 February 1996.
• Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Ertürk, 15 Years of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences (1994-2009)- A Critical Review, A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, 27 May 2009.
• Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak, A/HRC/7/3 dated 15 January 2008.
• The Due Diligence Standard as a Tool for the Elimination of Violence against Women, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, Yakin Ertürk, E/CN.4/2006/61, 20 January 2006.
• Women and Health Today’s Evidence Tomorrow’s Agenda, World Health Organisation, 2009.
• AİHM Kararları
• A. v. Croatia, (App. No. 55164/08), Judgment of the ECtHR of 14.10.2010.
• Aydin v. Turkey, (App. No. 23178/94), Judgment of the ECtHR of 23 September 1997.
• Bevacqua and S. v. Bulgaria, (App. No. 71127/01), Judgment of the ECHR of 12 June 2008.
• Branko Tomasic and Others v. Croatia, (App. No. 46598/06), Judgment of the ECtHR of 15 January 2009.
• E.S. and Others v. Slovakia, (App. No. 8227/04), Judgment of the ECtHR of 15.09.2009.
• Ebcin v. Turkey, (App. No. 19506/05), Judgment of the ECtHR of 01.02.2011.
• Hajduova v. Slovakia, (App. No. 2660/03), Judgment of the ECtHR of 30 November 2010.
• I.G. v. Moldova, (App. NO. 53519/07), Judgment of the ECtHR of 15 May 2012.
• Irene Wilson v. the United Kingdom, (App. No. 10601/09), Decision of the ECtHR of 23 October 2012.
• Izevbekhai v. Ireland, (App. No. 43408/08/,Judgment of the ECtHR of 17.05.2011.
• Johnston and Others v. Ireland, (Application No: 9697/82), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 18 December 1986.
• Kalucza v. Hungary, (App. No. 57693/10), Judgment of the ECtHR of 24 April 2012.
• Keegan v. Ireland, (Application No: 16969/90), Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 26 May 1994.
• Kontrova v. Slovakia, (App. No. 7510/04), Judgment of the ECHR of 31 May 2007.
• Kowal v. Poland, (App. No. 2912/11), Decision of the ECtHR of 18 September 2012.