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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari (Studies in Ottoman Science)</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-3123</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2458-7982</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>İstanbul Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26650/oba.1310051</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Late Modern Balkan History</subject>
                                                            <subject>Late Modern Renewal History</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yakınçağ Balkan Tarihi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Yakınçağ Yenileşme Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Osmanlı Devleti’nin Son Döneminde Avlonya’da Bitüm Üretimi</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Bitumen Exploitation in Vlorë in the Last Period of the Ottoman State</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-5256</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özdamar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Toroshan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20240131">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>25</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>59</fpage>
                                        <lpage>82</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230605">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240108">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1995, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1995</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Avlonya, Osmanlı’nın son döneminde Avrupa’nın en önemli bitüm yataklarından biri haline gelmiştir. Avlonya bitümü, yol yapımından zirai ilaç üretimine ve kimya sanayiine kadar birçok sektörde kullanılmıştır. Osmanlı madenciliği araştırmaları genel itibariyle demir, bakır, krom, kurşun gibi cevherler ve kömür üzerinden yapılmıştır. Sanayi Devrimi ile birlikte günlük hayatta çok önemli hale gelen bitüm hakkında araştırmalar çok kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışma Avlonya bitüm yataklarının durumu, işletilme usulleri, bitüm üretiminin önemi hakkında veriler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda arşiv belgeleri ve dönemin matbuatı incelenerek Avlonya’daki bitüm üretimi, rafinaj, endüstriyel çözümler, pazarlama teknikleri, inovatif yöntemler gibi hususlar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca filoksera ile mücadele, yol yapımı gibi alanlarda bitüm bazlı ürünlerin kullanımı hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Vlorë became one of Europe’s most important bitumen deposits in late Ottoman period. Vlorë bitumen has been used in many sectors, from road construction to pesticide production and chemical industry in and around Europe. Literature on Ottoman mining generally focused on ores such as iron, copper, chrome, lead, and coal. Though bitumen research has become essential in daily life after the Industrial Revolution, have been very limited in quantity and quality. This study aims to present data on the state of Vlorë bitumen deposits, operation procedures, and the importance of bitumen exploitation. This work examines bitumen production, refining, industrial solutions, marketing techniques, and innovative methods based on archival documents and newspapers. It also provides further information on using bitumen-based products in areas such as phylloxera control and road construction.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Osmanlı Devleti</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Arnavutluk</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Avlonya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Seniçe</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bitüm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Asfalt</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Filoksera</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Ottoman Empire</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Albania</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Vlorë</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Selenicë</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bitumen</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Asphalt</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Phylloxera</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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