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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari (Studies in Ottoman Science)</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-3123</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2458-7982</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>İstanbul Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26650/oba.1686602</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Turkish Cultural History</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Türk Kültür Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Tarihsel Grip Pandemilerinde Kinin, Kinin Türevleri ile Diğer Tedavi Araçları ve COVID-19</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Quinine, Quinine Derivatives, and other Therapeutic Agents in Historical Flu Pandemics and COVID-19</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-3814</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yıldırım</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nuran</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BEZM-İ ÂLEM VAKIF ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260318">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>18</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>27</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>20</fpage>
                                        <lpage>52</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250429">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251223">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1995, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1995</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>İnfluenza/grip, tarih boyunca epidemilere ve zaman zaman pandemilere yol açmış ve pek çok can almıştır. Bilimin gelişmediği dönemlerde etkeni anlaşılamamış, daha sonra Orthomyxoviridae ailesinden virülansları farklı influenza A, B ve C virüsleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, 1889-1892 ve 1918 influenza pandemilerinde ve artçı epidemilerinde başta kinin ve türevleri olmak üzere kullanılan tedavi araçlarını tanıtmak ve COVID-19’daki hidrosiklorokin deneyimine değinmektir. Bu kapsamda tarihsel araştırma yöntemiyle arşivler, dönemsel kaynaklar ve gazeteler taranmıştır. Bulgulara göre kinin ve türevlerinin kullanılma nedeni, sıtma tedavisindeki başarısına dayanmaktadır; ancak pandemiler sırasında etkinliği tartışmalı kalmıştır. 1930’lardan sonra kullanımın sürmesi klinik deneyimlere bağlanmıştır. On dokuzuncu yüzyıl sonlarında tıbba giren opioid olmayan analjezik ve antipiretikler influenza semptomlarını hafifletmiştir. COVID-19 sürecinde de hidrosiklorokinin etkisiz olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışma, söz konusu tedavi araçlarının tarihsel sürekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: 1889 ve 1918 influenza pandemileri, kinin, kinin türevleri, geleneksel ilaçlar, ilk analjezikler, COVID-19, hidroksiklorokin.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Influenza/flu has, throughout history, caused epidemics and at times pandemics, claiming numerous lives. In periods when science had not yet advanced, its causative agent could not be understood; only many years later was it determined that the agents were influenza A, B, and C viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family with differing virulence. The aim of this article is to present the therapeutic agents—foremost quinine and its derivatives—used during the historically significant 1889–1892 and 1918 influenza pandemics and their subsequent epidemics, and to address the experience with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. Information was obtained through historical research using official and private archives, period sources, newspapers, and printed and electronic materials. Findings indicate that quinine was used because of its success in treating malaria; however, its effectiveness in treating influenza remains debated. Non-opioid analgesics and antipyretics reduced fever and pain, while traditional remedies eased symptoms. During COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine was likewise shown to be ineffective. This study demonstrates the historical continuity of these therapeutic approaches.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>1889 ve 1918 influenza pandemileri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  kinin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  kinin türevleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  geleneksel ilaçlar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ilk analjezikler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  COVID-19</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  hidroksiklorokin</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>1889 and 1918 influenza pandemics</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  quinine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  quinine derivatives</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  traditional medicines</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  early analgesics</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  COVID-19</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  hydroxychloroquine</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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